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<H1 class="no-header">curs_inopts 3x 2024-04-13 ncurses 6.5 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>cbreak</STRONG>, <STRONG>echo</STRONG>, <STRONG>halfdelay</STRONG>, <STRONG>intrflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>is_cbreak</STRONG>, <STRONG>is_echo</STRONG>, <STRONG>is_nl</STRONG>, <STRONG>is_raw</STRONG>,
<STRONG>keypad</STRONG>, <STRONG>meta</STRONG>, <STRONG>nl</STRONG>, <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG>, <STRONG>nodelay</STRONG>, <STRONG>noecho</STRONG>, <STRONG>nonl</STRONG>, <STRONG>noqiflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>noraw</STRONG>,
<STRONG>notimeout</STRONG>, <STRONG>qiflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>raw</STRONG>, <STRONG>timeout</STRONG>, <STRONG>wtimeout</STRONG>, <STRONG>typeahead</STRONG> - get and set
<EM>curses</EM> terminal input options
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>cbreak(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>nocbreak(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echo(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>noecho(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>intrflush(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <EM>bf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>keypad(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <EM>bf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>meta(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <EM>bf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>nodelay(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <EM>bf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>notimeout(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <EM>bf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>nl(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>nonl(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>raw(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>noraw(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>qiflush(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>noqiflush(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>halfdelay(int</STRONG> <EM>tenths</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>timeout(int</STRONG> <EM>delay</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>wtimeout(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>delay</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>typeahead(int</STRONG> <EM>fd</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<EM>/*</EM> <EM>extensions</EM> <EM>*/</EM>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>is_cbreak(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>is_echo(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>is_nl(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>is_raw(void);</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> provides several functions that let an application change the
way input from the terminal is handled. Some are global, applying to
all windows. Others apply only to a specific window. Window-specific
settings are not automatically applied to new or derived windows. An
application must apply these to each window if the same behavior is
desired.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-cbreak_nocbreak">cbreak, nocbreak</a></H3><PRE>
Normally, the terminal driver buffers typed characters until a newline
or carriage return is typed. The <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> routine disables line
buffering and erase/kill character-processing (interrupt and flow
control characters are unaffected), making characters typed by the user
immediately available to the program. The <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG> routine returns the
terminal to normal (cooked) mode.
Initially the terminal may or may not be in <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> mode, as the mode is
inherited; therefore, a program should call <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> or <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG>
explicitly. Most interactive programs using <EM>curses</EM> set the <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG>
mode. Note that <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> overrides <STRONG>raw</STRONG>. [See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG> for a
discussion of how these routines interact with <STRONG>echo</STRONG> and <STRONG>noecho</STRONG>.]
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-echo_noecho">echo, noecho</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>echo</STRONG> and <STRONG>noecho</STRONG> routines control whether characters typed by the
user are echoed by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">getch(3x)</A></STRONG> as they are typed. Echoing by the
terminal driver is always disabled, but initially <STRONG>getch</STRONG> is in echo
mode, so characters typed are echoed. Authors of most interactive
programs prefer to do their own echoing in a controlled area of the
screen, or not to echo at all, so they disable echoing by calling
<STRONG>noecho</STRONG>. [See <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG> for a discussion of how these routines
interact with <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> and <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG>.]
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-halfdelay">halfdelay</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>halfdelay</STRONG> routine is used for half-delay mode, which is similar to
<STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> mode in that characters typed by the user are immediately
available to the program. However, after blocking for <EM>tenths</EM> tenths of
seconds, <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> is returned if nothing has been typed. The value of
<EM>tenths</EM> must be a number between 1 and 255. Use <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG> to leave half-
delay mode.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-intrflush">intrflush</a></H3><PRE>
If the <STRONG>intrflush</STRONG> option is enabled (<EM>bf</EM> is <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>), and an interrupt key
is pressed on the keyboard (interrupt, break, quit), all output in the
terminal driver queue is flushed, giving the effect of faster response
to the interrupt, but causing <EM>curses</EM> to have the wrong idea of what is
on the screen. Disabling the option (<EM>bf</EM> is <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>), prevents the flush.
The default for the option is inherited from the terminal driver
settings. The <EM>win</EM> argument is ignored.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keypad">keypad</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> option enables the keypad of the user's terminal. If
enabled (<EM>bf</EM> is <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>), the user can press a function key (such as an
arrow key) and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">wgetch(3x)</A></STRONG> returns a single value representing the
function key, as in <STRONG>KEY_LEFT</STRONG>. If disabled (<EM>bf</EM> is <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>), <EM>curses</EM> does
not treat function keys specially and the program has to interpret the
escape sequences itself. If the keypad in the terminal can be turned
on (made to transmit) and off (made to work locally), turning on this
option causes the terminal keypad to be turned on when <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">wgetch(3x)</A></STRONG> is
called. The default value for keypad is <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-meta">meta</a></H3><PRE>
Initially, whether the terminal returns 7 or 8 significant bits on
input depends on the control mode of the terminal driver [see
<STRONG>termios(3)</STRONG>]. To force 8 bits to be returned, invoke <STRONG>meta</STRONG>(<EM>win</EM>, <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>);
this is equivalent, under POSIX, to setting the CS8 flag on the
terminal. To force 7 bits to be returned, invoke <STRONG>meta</STRONG>(<EM>win</EM>, <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>);
this is equivalent, under POSIX, to setting the CS7 flag on the
terminal. The window argument, <EM>win</EM>, is always ignored. If the
terminfo capabilities <STRONG>smm</STRONG> (meta_on) and <STRONG>rmm</STRONG> (meta_off) are defined for
the terminal, <STRONG>smm</STRONG> is sent to the terminal when <STRONG>meta</STRONG>(<EM>win</EM>, <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>) is
called and <STRONG>rmm</STRONG> is sent when <STRONG>meta</STRONG>(<EM>win</EM>, <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>) is called.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-nl_nonl">nl, nonl</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>nl</STRONG> and <STRONG>nonl</STRONG> routines control whether the underlying display device
translates the return key into newline on input.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-nodelay">nodelay</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>nodelay</STRONG> option causes <STRONG>getch</STRONG> to be a non-blocking call. If no input
is ready, <STRONG>getch</STRONG> returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>. If disabled (<EM>bf</EM> is <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>), <STRONG>getch</STRONG> waits
until a key is pressed.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-notimeout">notimeout</a></H3><PRE>
When interpreting an escape sequence, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">wgetch(3x)</A></STRONG> sets a timer while
waiting for the next character. If <STRONG>notimeout(</STRONG><EM>win</EM>, <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>) is called,
then <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> does not set a timer. The purpose of the timeout is to
distinguish sequences produced by a function key from those typed by a
user.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-raw_noraw">raw, noraw</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>raw</STRONG> and <STRONG>noraw</STRONG> routines place the terminal into or out of raw mode.
Raw mode is similar to <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG> mode, in that characters typed are
immediately passed through to the user program. The differences are
that in raw mode, the interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control
characters are all passed through uninterpreted, instead of generating
a signal. The behavior of the BREAK key depends on other bits in the
terminal driver that are not set by <EM>curses</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-qiflush_nqiflush">qiflush, nqiflush</a></H3><PRE>
When the <STRONG>noqiflush</STRONG> routine is used, normal flush of input and output
queues associated with the <STRONG>INTR</STRONG>, <STRONG>QUIT</STRONG> and <STRONG>SUSP</STRONG> characters will not be
done [see <STRONG>termios(3)</STRONG>]. When <STRONG>qiflush</STRONG> is called, the queues will be
flushed when these control characters are read. You may want to call
<STRONG>noqiflush</STRONG> in a signal handler if you want output to continue as though
the interrupt had not occurred, after the handler exits.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-timeout_wtimeout">timeout, wtimeout</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>timeout</STRONG> and <STRONG>wtimeout</STRONG> routines set blocking or non-blocking read for
a given window. If <EM>delay</EM> is negative, a blocking read is used (i.e.,
waits indefinitely for input). If <EM>delay</EM> is zero, then a non-blocking
read is used (i.e., <EM>read</EM> returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> if no input is waiting). If <EM>delay</EM>
is positive, then <EM>read</EM> blocks for <EM>delay</EM> milliseconds, and returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>
if there is still no input. Hence, these routines provide the same
functionality as <STRONG>nodelay</STRONG>, plus the additional capability of being able
to block for only <EM>delay</EM> milliseconds (where <EM>delay</EM> is positive).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-typeahead">typeahead</a></H3><PRE>
<EM>curses</EM> does "line-breakout optimization" by looking for typeahead
periodically while updating the screen. If input is found, and it is
coming from a terminal, the current update is postponed until
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> or <STRONG>doupdate</STRONG> is called again. This allows faster response
to commands typed in advance. Normally, the input <EM>FILE</EM> pointer passed
to <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, or <STRONG>stdin</STRONG> in the case that <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> was used, will be used to
do this typeahead checking. The <STRONG>typeahead</STRONG> routine specifies that the
file descriptor <EM>fd</EM> is to be used to check for typeahead instead. If <EM>fd</EM>
is -1, then no typeahead checking is done.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
All routines that return an integer return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG>
(SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful
completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine
descriptions.
X/Open Curses does not specify any error conditions. In this
implementation, functions with a window parameter will return an error
if it is null. Any function will also return an error if the terminal
was not initialized. Also,
<STRONG>halfdelay</STRONG>
returns an error if its parameter is outside the range 1..255.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>echo</STRONG>, <STRONG>noecho</STRONG>, <STRONG>halfdelay</STRONG>, <STRONG>intrflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>meta</STRONG>, <STRONG>nl</STRONG>, <STRONG>nonl</STRONG>, <STRONG>nodelay</STRONG>, <STRONG>notimeout</STRONG>,
<STRONG>noqiflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>qiflush</STRONG>, <STRONG>timeout</STRONG>, and <STRONG>wtimeout</STRONG> may be implemented as macros.
<STRONG>noraw</STRONG> and <STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG> follow historical practice in that they attempt to
restore normal ("cooked") mode from raw and cbreak modes respectively.
Mixing <STRONG>raw</STRONG>/<STRONG>noraw</STRONG> and <STRONG>cbreak</STRONG>/<STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG> calls leads to terminal driver
control states that are hard to predict or understand; doing so is not
recommended.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> provides four "is_" functions that may be used to detect if the
corresponding flags were set or reset.
<STRONG>Query</STRONG> <STRONG>Set</STRONG> <STRONG>Reset</STRONG>
------------------------------
is_cbreak cbreak nocbreak
is_echo echo noecho
is_nl nl nonl
is_raw raw noraw
In each case, the function returns
1 if the flag is set,
0 if the flag is reset, or
-1 if the library is not initialized.
They were designed for <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>, and are not found in SVr4 <EM>curses</EM>,
4.4BSD <EM>curses</EM>, or any other previous <EM>curses</EM> implementation.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
Applications employing <EM>ncurses</EM> extensions should condition their use on
the visibility of the <STRONG>NCURSES_VERSION</STRONG> preprocessor macro.
Except as noted in section "EXTENSIONS" above, X/Open Curses, Issue 4,
Version 2 describes these functions.
<EM>ncurses</EM> follows X/Open Curses and the historical practice of AT&T
<EM>curses</EM> implementations, in that the echo bit is cleared when <EM>curses</EM>
initializes the terminal state. BSD <EM>curses</EM> differed from this
slightly; it left the echo bit on at initialization, but the BSD <STRONG>raw</STRONG>
call turned it off as a side effect. For best portability, set <STRONG>echo</STRONG> or
<STRONG>noecho</STRONG> explicitly just after initialization, even if your program
remains in cooked mode.
X/Open Curses is ambiguous regarding whether <STRONG>raw</STRONG> should disable the
CR/LF translations controlled by <STRONG>nl</STRONG> and <STRONG>nonl</STRONG>. BSD <EM>curses</EM> did turn off
these translations; AT&T <EM>curses</EM> (at least as late as SVr1) did not.
<EM>ncurses</EM> does so, on the assumption that a programmer requesting raw
input wants a clean (ideally, 8-bit clean) connection that the
operating system will not alter.
When <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> is first enabled, <EM>ncurses</EM> loads the key definitions for the
current terminal description. If the terminal description includes
extended string capabilities, e.g., from using the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>,
then <EM>ncurses</EM> also defines keys for the capabilities whose names begin
with "k". The corresponding keycodes are generated and (depending on
previous loads of terminal descriptions) may differ from one execution
of a program to the next. The generated keycodes are recognized by the
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">keyname(3x)</A></STRONG> function (which will then return a name beginning with "k"
denoting the terminfo capability name rather than "K", used for <EM>curses</EM>
key names). On the other hand, an application can use <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>
to establish a specific keycode for a given string. This makes it
possible for an application to check for an extended capability's
presence with <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG>, and reassign the keycode to match its own
needs.
Low-level applications can use <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG> to obtain the definition of any
particular string capability. Higher-level applications which use the
<EM>curses</EM> <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> and similar functions to return keycodes rely upon the
order in which the strings are loaded. If more than one key definition
has the same string value, then <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> can return only one keycode.
Most <EM>curses</EM> implementations (including <EM>ncurses</EM>) load key definitions in
the order defined by the array of string capability names. The last
key to be loaded determines the keycode which will be returned. In
<EM>ncurses</EM>, you may also have extended capabilities interpreted as key
definitions. These are loaded after the predefined keys, and if a
capability's value is the same as a previously-loaded key definition,
the later definition is the one used.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
Formerly, <EM>ncurses</EM> used <STRONG>nl</STRONG> and <STRONG>nonl</STRONG> to control the conversion of
newlines to carriage return/line feed on output as well as input.
X/Open Curses documents the use of these functions only for input.
This difference arose from converting the <EM>pcurses</EM> source (1986), which
used <STRONG>ioctl(2)</STRONG> calls and the <EM>sgttyb</EM> structure, to <EM>termios</EM> (the POSIX
terminal API). In the former, both input and output were controlled
via a single option <STRONG>CRMOD</STRONG>, while the latter separates these features.
Because that conversion interferes with output optimization, <EM>ncurses</EM>
6.2 (2020) amended <STRONG>nl</STRONG> and <STRONG>nonl</STRONG> to eliminate their effect on output.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>termios(3)</STRONG>
ncurses 6.5 2024-04-13 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
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<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-cbreak_nocbreak">cbreak, nocbreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-echo_noecho">echo, noecho</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-halfdelay">halfdelay</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-intrflush">intrflush</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-keypad">keypad</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-meta">meta</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-nl_nonl">nl, nonl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-nodelay">nodelay</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-notimeout">notimeout</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-raw_noraw">raw, noraw</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-qiflush_nqiflush">qiflush, nqiflush</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-timeout_wtimeout">timeout, wtimeout</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-typeahead">typeahead</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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