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<H1 class="no-header">curs_add_wch 3x 2024-04-20 ncurses 6.5 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> - add
a <EM>curses</EM> complex character to a window and advance the cursor
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>add_wch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvadd_wch(int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echo_wchar(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wecho_wchar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG> functions put the
complex character <EM>wch</EM> into the given window at its current position,
which is then advanced. These functions perform wrapping and special-
character processing as follows:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>wch</EM> refers to a spacing character, then any previous character
at that location is removed. A new character specified by <EM>wch</EM> is
placed at that location with rendition specified by <EM>wch</EM>. The
cursor then advances after this spacing character, to prepare for
writing the next character on the screen.
The newly added spacing character is the base of the active complex
character. Subsequent non-spacing characters can be combined with
this base until another spacing character is written to the screen,
or the cursor is moved, e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>wch</EM> refers to a non-spacing character, it is appended to the
active complex character, retaining the previous characters at that
location. The rendition specified by <EM>wch</EM> is ignored.
The cursor is not advanced after adding a non-spacing character.
Subsequent calls to add non-spacing characters will update the same
position.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If the character part of <EM>wch</EM> is a tab, newline, backspace or other
control character, the window is updated and the cursor moves as if
<STRONG>addch</STRONG> were called.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> function is functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>
followed by a call to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>. Similarly, the <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> is
functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> followed by a call to
<STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that only a single character is being output
is taken into consideration and, for non-control characters, a
considerable performance gain might be seen by using the *<STRONG>echo</STRONG>*
functions instead of their equivalents.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
Like <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>addch_wch</STRONG> accepts symbols which make it simple to draw
lines and other frequently used special characters. These symbols
correspond to the same VT100 line-drawing set as <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
<STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<STRONG>WACS_BLOCK</STRONG> 0x25ae # 0 solid square block
<STRONG>WACS_BOARD</STRONG> 0x2592 # h board of squares
<STRONG>WACS_BTEE</STRONG> 0x2534 + v bottom tee
<STRONG>WACS_BULLET</STRONG> 0x00b7 o ~ bullet
<STRONG>WACS_CKBOARD</STRONG> 0x2592 : a checker board (stipple)
<STRONG>WACS_DARROW</STRONG> 0x2193 v . arrow pointing down
<STRONG>WACS_DEGREE</STRONG> 0x00b0 ' f degree symbol
<STRONG>WACS_DIAMOND</STRONG> 0x25c6 + ` diamond
<STRONG>WACS_GEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2265 > > greater-than-or-equal-to
<STRONG>WACS_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2500 - q horizontal line
<STRONG>WACS_LANTERN</STRONG> 0x2603 # i lantern symbol
<STRONG>WACS_LARROW</STRONG> 0x2190 < , arrow pointing left
<STRONG>WACS_LEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2264 < y less-than-or-equal-to
<STRONG>WACS_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x2514 + m lower left-hand corner
<STRONG>WACS_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x2518 + j lower right-hand corner
<STRONG>WACS_LTEE</STRONG> 0x2524 + t left tee
<STRONG>WACS_NEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2260 ! | not-equal
<STRONG>WACS_PI</STRONG> 0x03c0 * { greek pi
<STRONG>WACS_PLMINUS</STRONG> 0x00b1 # g plus/minus
<STRONG>WACS_PLUS</STRONG> 0x253c + n plus
<STRONG>WACS_RARROW</STRONG> 0x2192 > + arrow pointing right
<STRONG>WACS_RTEE</STRONG> 0x251c + u right tee
<STRONG>WACS_S1</STRONG> 0x23ba - o scan line 1
<STRONG>WACS_S3</STRONG> 0x23bb - p scan line 3
<STRONG>WACS_S7</STRONG> 0x23bc - r scan line 7
<STRONG>WACS_S9</STRONG> 0x23bd _ s scan line 9
<STRONG>WACS_STERLING</STRONG> 0x00a3 f } pound-sterling symbol
<STRONG>WACS_TTEE</STRONG> 0x252c + w top tee
<STRONG>WACS_UARROW</STRONG> 0x2191 ^ - arrow pointing up
<STRONG>WACS_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x250c + l upper left-hand corner
<STRONG>WACS_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2510 + k upper right-hand corner
<STRONG>WACS_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2502 | x vertical line
The wide-character configuration of <EM>ncurses</EM> also defines symbols for
thick lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "J" to "V"):
<STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
<STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<STRONG>WACS_T_BTEE</STRONG> 0x253b + V thick tee pointing up
<STRONG>WACS_T_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2501 - Q thick horizontal line
<STRONG>WACS_T_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x2517 + M thick lower left corner
<STRONG>WACS_T_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x251b + J thick lower right corner
<STRONG>WACS_T_LTEE</STRONG> 0x252b + T thick tee pointing right
<STRONG>WACS_T_PLUS</STRONG> 0x254b + N thick large plus
<STRONG>WACS_T_RTEE</STRONG> 0x2523 + U thick tee pointing left
<STRONG>WACS_T_TTEE</STRONG> 0x2533 + W thick tee pointing down
<STRONG>WACS_T_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x250f + L thick upper left corner
<STRONG>WACS_T_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2513 + K thick upper right corner
<STRONG>WACS_T_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2503 | X thick vertical line
and for double-lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "A" to "I"):
<STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
<STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<STRONG>WACS_D_BTEE</STRONG> 0x2569 + H double tee pointing up
<STRONG>WACS_D_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2550 - R double horizontal line
<STRONG>WACS_D_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x255a + D double lower left corner
<STRONG>WACS_D_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x255d + A double lower right corner
<STRONG>WACS_D_LTEE</STRONG> 0x2560 + F double tee pointing right
<STRONG>WACS_D_PLUS</STRONG> 0x256c + E double large plus
<STRONG>WACS_D_RTEE</STRONG> 0x2563 + G double tee pointing left
<STRONG>WACS_D_TTEE</STRONG> 0x2566 + I double tee pointing down
<STRONG>WACS_D_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x2554 + C double upper left corner
<STRONG>WACS_D_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2557 + B double upper right corner
<STRONG>WACS_D_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2551 | Y double vertical line
Unicode's descriptions for these characters differs slightly from
<EM>ncurses</EM>, by introducing the term "light" (along with less important
details). Here are its descriptions for the normal, thick, and double
horizontal lines:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2500 BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL
<STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2501 BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL
<STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2550 BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success.
X/Open Curses does not specify any error conditions. This
implementation returns an error
<STRONG>o</STRONG> if the window pointer is null or
<STRONG>o</STRONG> if it is not possible to add a complete character in the window.
The latter may be due to different causes:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower
right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is
not possible to wrap to a new line.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a
sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the
resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned.
Functions prefixed with "mv" first perform cursor movement and fail if
the position (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>) is outside the window boundaries.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
Note that <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> may be macros.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
These functions are described in X/Open Curses, Issue 4. The defaults
specified for line-drawing characters apply in the POSIX locale.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE>
X/Open Curses makes it clear that the WACS_ symbols should be defined
as a pointer to <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> data, e.g., in the discussion of <STRONG>border_set</STRONG>. A
few implementations are problematic:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD curses defines the symbols as a <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> within a <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> HP-UX curses equates some of the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols to the analogous
<STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> symbols as if the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols were wide characters. The
misdefined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not
used for line-drawing.
X/Open Curses does not specify symbols for thick- or double-lines.
SVr4 curses implementations defined their line-drawing symbols in terms
of intermediate symbols. This implementation extends those symbols,
providing new definitions which are not in the SVr4 implementations.
Not all Unicode-capable terminals provide support for VT100-style
alternate character sets (i.e., the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability), with their
corresponding line-drawing characters. X/Open Curses did not address
the aspect of integrating Unicode with line-drawing characters.
Existing implementations of Unix curses (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris) use only
the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> character-mapping to provide this feature. As a result, those
implementations can only use single-byte line-drawing characters.
<EM>ncurses</EM> 5.3 (2002) provided a table of Unicode values to solve these
problems. NetBSD curses incorporated that table in 2010.
In this implementation, the Unicode values are used instead of the
terminal description's <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> mapping as discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> for the
environment variable <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>UTF8</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>ACS</EM>. In contrast, for the same
cases, the line-drawing characters described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG> will use only
the ASCII default values.
Having Unicode available does not solve all of the problems with line-
drawing for curses:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The closest Unicode equivalents to the VT100 graphics <EM>S1</EM>, <EM>S3</EM>, <EM>S7</EM>
and <EM>S9</EM> frequently are not displayed at the regular intervals which
the terminal used.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The <EM>lantern</EM> is a special case. It originated with the AT&T 4410
terminal in the early 1980s. There is no accessible documentation
depicting the lantern symbol on the AT&T terminal.
Lacking documentation, most readers assume that a <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lantern</EM> was
intended. But there are several possibilities, all with problems.
Unicode 6.0 (2010) does provide two lantern symbols: U+1F383 and
U+1F3EE. Those were not available in 2002, and are irrelevant
since they lie outside the BMP and as a result are not generally
available in terminals. They are not storm lanterns, in any case.
Most <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lanterns</EM> have a tapering glass chimney (to guard against
tipping); some have a wire grid protecting the chimney.
For the tapering appearance, U+2603 was adequate. In use on a
terminal, no one can tell what the image represents. Unicode calls
it a snowman.
Others have suggested these alternatives: <section> U+00A7 (section
mark), <Theta> U+0398 (theta), <Phi> U+03A6 (phi), <delta> U+03B4
(delta), U+2327 (x in a rectangle), U+256C (forms double vertical
and horizontal), and U+2612 (ballot box with x).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></H3><PRE>
The complex character type <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> can store more than one wide
character (<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG>). The X/Open Curses description does not mention
this possibility, describing only the cases where <EM>wch</EM> is a spacing
character or a non-spacing character.
This implementation assumes that <EM>wch</EM> is constructed using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>,
and in turn that the result
<STRONG>o</STRONG> contains at most one spacing character in the beginning of its list
of wide characters, and zero or more non-spacing characters or
<STRONG>o</STRONG> may hold one non-spacing character.
In the latter case, <EM>ncurses</EM> adds the non-spacing character to the
active (base) spacing character.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of
<EM>curses</EM>, but is not specified by X/Open Curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>).
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> describes comparable functions of the <EM>ncurses</EM> library in
its non-wide-character configuration.
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putwc(3)</STRONG>
ncurses 6.5 2024-04-20 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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