<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>linux.git/net/ipv6/ip6_offload.c, branch v6.9</title>
<subtitle>Linux kernel source tree</subtitle>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/'/>
<entry>
<title>net: gro: fix udp bad offset in socket lookup by adding {inner_}network_offset to napi_gro_cb</title>
<updated>2024-05-02T09:02:48+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2024-04-30T14:35:54+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=5ef31ea5d053a8f493a772ebad3f3ce82c35d845'/>
<id>5ef31ea5d053a8f493a772ebad3f3ce82c35d845</id>
<content type='text'>
Commits a602456 ("udp: Add GRO functions to UDP socket") and 57c67ff ("udp:
additional GRO support") introduce incorrect usage of {ip,ipv6}_hdr in the
complete phase of gro. The functions always return skb-&gt;network_header,
which in the case of encapsulated packets at the gro complete phase, is
always set to the innermost L3 of the packet. That means that calling
{ip,ipv6}_hdr for skbs which completed the GRO receive phase (both in
gro_list and *_gro_complete) when parsing an encapsulated packet's _outer_
L3/L4 may return an unexpected value.

This incorrect usage leads to a bug in GRO's UDP socket lookup.
udp{4,6}_lib_lookup_skb functions use ip_hdr/ipv6_hdr respectively. These
*_hdr functions return network_header which will point to the innermost L3,
resulting in the wrong offset being used in __udp{4,6}_lib_lookup with
encapsulated packets.

This patch adds network_offset and inner_network_offset to napi_gro_cb, and
makes sure both are set correctly.

To fix the issue, network_offsets union is used inside napi_gro_cb, in
which both the outer and the inner network offsets are saved.

Reproduction example:

Endpoint configuration example (fou + local address bind)

    # ip fou add port 6666 ipproto 4
    # ip link add name tun1 type ipip remote 2.2.2.1 local 2.2.2.2 encap fou encap-dport 5555 encap-sport 6666 mode ipip
    # ip link set tun1 up
    # ip a add 1.1.1.2/24 dev tun1

Netperf TCP_STREAM result on net-next before patch is applied:

net-next main, GRO enabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.28        2.37

net-next main, GRO disabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.01     2745.06

patch applied, GRO enabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.01     2877.38

Fixes: a6024562ffd7 ("udp: Add GRO functions to UDP socket")
Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Commits a602456 ("udp: Add GRO functions to UDP socket") and 57c67ff ("udp:
additional GRO support") introduce incorrect usage of {ip,ipv6}_hdr in the
complete phase of gro. The functions always return skb-&gt;network_header,
which in the case of encapsulated packets at the gro complete phase, is
always set to the innermost L3 of the packet. That means that calling
{ip,ipv6}_hdr for skbs which completed the GRO receive phase (both in
gro_list and *_gro_complete) when parsing an encapsulated packet's _outer_
L3/L4 may return an unexpected value.

This incorrect usage leads to a bug in GRO's UDP socket lookup.
udp{4,6}_lib_lookup_skb functions use ip_hdr/ipv6_hdr respectively. These
*_hdr functions return network_header which will point to the innermost L3,
resulting in the wrong offset being used in __udp{4,6}_lib_lookup with
encapsulated packets.

This patch adds network_offset and inner_network_offset to napi_gro_cb, and
makes sure both are set correctly.

To fix the issue, network_offsets union is used inside napi_gro_cb, in
which both the outer and the inner network offsets are saved.

Reproduction example:

Endpoint configuration example (fou + local address bind)

    # ip fou add port 6666 ipproto 4
    # ip link add name tun1 type ipip remote 2.2.2.1 local 2.2.2.2 encap fou encap-dport 5555 encap-sport 6666 mode ipip
    # ip link set tun1 up
    # ip a add 1.1.1.2/24 dev tun1

Netperf TCP_STREAM result on net-next before patch is applied:

net-next main, GRO enabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.28        2.37

net-next main, GRO disabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.01     2745.06

patch applied, GRO enabled:
    $ netperf -H 1.1.1.2 -t TCP_STREAM -l 5
    Recv   Send    Send
    Socket Socket  Message  Elapsed
    Size   Size    Size     Time     Throughput
    bytes  bytes   bytes    secs.    10^6bits/sec

    131072  16384  16384    5.01     2877.38

Fixes: a6024562ffd7 ("udp: Add GRO functions to UDP socket")
Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: move ip_packet_offload and ipv6_packet_offload to net_hotdata</title>
<updated>2024-03-08T05:12:42+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2024-03-06T16:00:19+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=61a0be1a5342045059ce53eabfe6500d499d2f89'/>
<id>61a0be1a5342045059ce53eabfe6500d499d2f89</id>
<content type='text'>
These structures are used in GRO and GSO paths.

v2: ipv6_packet_offload definition depends on CONFIG_INET

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Acked-by: Soheil Hassas Yeganeh &lt;soheil@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240306160031.874438-7-edumazet@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
These structures are used in GRO and GSO paths.

v2: ipv6_packet_offload definition depends on CONFIG_INET

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Acked-by: Soheil Hassas Yeganeh &lt;soheil@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240306160031.874438-7-edumazet@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: gro: parse ipv6 ext headers without frag0 invalidation</title>
<updated>2024-01-05T16:11:49+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2024-01-03T14:44:21+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=dff0b0161ad571f888d37f5e7163a07dcafdef60'/>
<id>dff0b0161ad571f888d37f5e7163a07dcafdef60</id>
<content type='text'>
The existing code always pulls the IPv6 header and sets the transport
offset initially. Then optionally again pulls any extension headers in
ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs and sets the transport offset again on return from
that call. skb-&gt;data is set at the start of the first extension header
before calling ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs, and must disable the frag0
optimization because that function uses pskb_may_pull/pskb_pull instead of
skb_gro_ helpers. It sets the GRO offset to the TCP header with
skb_gro_pull and sets the transport header. Then returns skb-&gt;data to its
position before this block.

This commit introduces a new helper function - ipv6_gro_pull_exthdrs -
which is used in ipv6_gro_receive to pull ipv6 ext headers instead of
ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs. Thus, there is no modification of skb-&gt;data, all
operations use skb_gro_* helpers, and the frag0 fast path can be taken for
IPv6 packets with ext headers.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/504130f6-b56c-4dcc-882c-97942c59f5b7@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
The existing code always pulls the IPv6 header and sets the transport
offset initially. Then optionally again pulls any extension headers in
ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs and sets the transport offset again on return from
that call. skb-&gt;data is set at the start of the first extension header
before calling ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs, and must disable the frag0
optimization because that function uses pskb_may_pull/pskb_pull instead of
skb_gro_ helpers. It sets the GRO offset to the TCP header with
skb_gro_pull and sets the transport header. Then returns skb-&gt;data to its
position before this block.

This commit introduces a new helper function - ipv6_gro_pull_exthdrs -
which is used in ipv6_gro_receive to pull ipv6 ext headers instead of
ipv6_gso_pull_exthdrs. Thus, there is no modification of skb-&gt;data, all
operations use skb_gro_* helpers, and the frag0 fast path can be taken for
IPv6 packets with ext headers.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/504130f6-b56c-4dcc-882c-97942c59f5b7@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: gso: add HBH extension header offload support</title>
<updated>2024-01-05T16:11:49+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2024-01-03T14:40:44+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=f2e3fc2158e66d84af77f4818df47b607ded3a75'/>
<id>f2e3fc2158e66d84af77f4818df47b607ded3a75</id>
<content type='text'>
This commit adds net_offload to IPv6 Hop-by-Hop extension headers (as it
is done for routing and dstopts) since it is supported in GSO and GRO.
This allows to remove specific HBH conditionals in GSO and GRO when
pulling and parsing an incoming packet.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/d4f8825a-1d55-4b12-9d67-a254dbbfa6ae@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
This commit adds net_offload to IPv6 Hop-by-Hop extension headers (as it
is done for routing and dstopts) since it is supported in GSO and GRO.
This allows to remove specific HBH conditionals in GSO and GRO when
pulling and parsing an incoming packet.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/d4f8825a-1d55-4b12-9d67-a254dbbfa6ae@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: move gso declarations and functions to their own files</title>
<updated>2023-06-10T07:11:41+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2023-06-08T19:17:37+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=d457a0e329b0bfd3a1450e0b1a18cd2b47a25a08'/>
<id>d457a0e329b0bfd3a1450e0b1a18cd2b47a25a08</id>
<content type='text'>
Move declarations into include/net/gso.h and code into net/core/gso.c

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Cc: Stanislav Fomichev &lt;sdf@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Simon Horman &lt;simon.horman@corigine.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230608191738.3947077-1-edumazet@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Move declarations into include/net/gso.h and code into net/core/gso.c

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Cc: Stanislav Fomichev &lt;sdf@google.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Simon Horman &lt;simon.horman@corigine.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230608191738.3947077-1-edumazet@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>IPv6/GRO: generic helper to remove temporary HBH/jumbo header in driver</title>
<updated>2022-12-12T23:41:44+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Coco Li</name>
<email>lixiaoyan@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-12-10T04:16:45+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=89300468e2b2ec216c7827ba04ac45c129794403'/>
<id>89300468e2b2ec216c7827ba04ac45c129794403</id>
<content type='text'>
IPv6/TCP and GRO stacks can build big TCP packets with an added
temporary Hop By Hop header.

Is GSO is not involved, then the temporary header needs to be removed in
the driver. This patch provides a generic helper for drivers that need
to modify their headers in place.

Tested:
Compiled and ran with ethtool -K eth1 tso off
Could send Big TCP packets

Signed-off-by: Coco Li &lt;lixiaoyan@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221210041646.3587757-1-lixiaoyan@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
IPv6/TCP and GRO stacks can build big TCP packets with an added
temporary Hop By Hop header.

Is GSO is not involved, then the temporary header needs to be removed in
the driver. This patch provides a generic helper for drivers that need
to modify their headers in place.

Tested:
Compiled and ran with ethtool -K eth1 tso off
Could send Big TCP packets

Signed-off-by: Coco Li &lt;lixiaoyan@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221210041646.3587757-1-lixiaoyan@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net-next: skbuff: refactor pskb_pull</title>
<updated>2022-09-30T11:31:46+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-28T12:55:31+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=d427c8999b071af2003203b42a007c4a80156c18'/>
<id>d427c8999b071af2003203b42a007c4a80156c18</id>
<content type='text'>
pskb_may_pull already contains all of the checks performed by
pskb_pull.
Use pskb_may_pull for validation in pskb_pull, eliminating the
duplication and making __pskb_pull obsolete.
Replace __pskb_pull with pskb_pull where applicable.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
pskb_may_pull already contains all of the checks performed by
pskb_pull.
Use pskb_may_pull for validation in pskb_pull, eliminating the
duplication and making __pskb_pull obsolete.
Replace __pskb_pull with pskb_pull where applicable.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net-next: gro: Fix use of skb_gro_header_slow</title>
<updated>2022-09-20T09:47:25+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-11T18:48:49+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=cb628a9a7ef6f101b37a0d1eaa689a9650c4903b'/>
<id>cb628a9a7ef6f101b37a0d1eaa689a9650c4903b</id>
<content type='text'>
In the cited commit, the function ipv6_gro_receive was accidentally
changed to use skb_gro_header_slow, without attempting the fast path.
Fix it.

Fixes: 35ffb6654729 ("net: gro: skb_gro_header helper function")
Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220911184835.GA105063@debian
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
In the cited commit, the function ipv6_gro_receive was accidentally
changed to use skb_gro_header_slow, without attempting the fast path.
Fix it.

Fixes: 35ffb6654729 ("net: gro: skb_gro_header helper function")
Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220911184835.GA105063@debian
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: gro: skb_gro_header helper function</title>
<updated>2022-08-25T08:33:21+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Richard Gobert</name>
<email>richardbgobert@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-08-23T07:10:49+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=35ffb66547295c72650978f9c28e670e014d0957'/>
<id>35ffb66547295c72650978f9c28e670e014d0957</id>
<content type='text'>
Introduce a simple helper function to replace a common pattern.
When accessing the GRO header, we fetch the pointer from frag0,
then test its validity and fetch it from the skb when necessary.

This leads to the pattern
skb_gro_header_fast -&gt; skb_gro_header_hard -&gt; skb_gro_header_slow
recurring many times throughout GRO code.

This patch replaces these patterns with a single inlined function
call, improving code readability.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220823071034.GA56142@debian
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Introduce a simple helper function to replace a common pattern.
When accessing the GRO header, we fetch the pointer from frag0,
then test its validity and fetch it from the skb when necessary.

This leads to the pattern
skb_gro_header_fast -&gt; skb_gro_header_hard -&gt; skb_gro_header_slow
recurring many times throughout GRO code.

This patch replaces these patterns with a single inlined function
call, improving code readability.

Signed-off-by: Richard Gobert &lt;richardbgobert@gmail.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220823071034.GA56142@debian
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>ipv6/gro: insert temporary HBH/jumbo header</title>
<updated>2022-05-16T09:18:56+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-05-13T18:34:02+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux.git/commit/?id=81fbc812132cbc72a0f933b19bfd3a829bd946e4'/>
<id>81fbc812132cbc72a0f933b19bfd3a829bd946e4</id>
<content type='text'>
Following patch will add GRO_IPV6_MAX_SIZE, allowing gro to build
BIG TCP ipv6 packets (bigger than 64K).

This patch changes ipv6_gro_complete() to insert a HBH/jumbo header
so that resulting packet can go through IPv6/TCP stacks.

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Acked-by: Alexander Duyck &lt;alexanderduyck@fb.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
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Following patch will add GRO_IPV6_MAX_SIZE, allowing gro to build
BIG TCP ipv6 packets (bigger than 64K).

This patch changes ipv6_gro_complete() to insert a HBH/jumbo header
so that resulting packet can go through IPv6/TCP stacks.

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Acked-by: Alexander Duyck &lt;alexanderduyck@fb.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
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