<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>linux-stable.git/security/landlock/syscalls.c, branch linux-6.14.y</title>
<subtitle>Linux kernel stable tree</subtitle>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/'/>
<entry>
<title>landlock: Add the errata interface</title>
<updated>2025-04-20T08:23:15+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mickaël Salaün</name>
<email>mic@digikod.net</email>
</author>
<published>2025-03-18T16:14:37+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=a24b31696cebbd07b9ee4f71a222974d3fd060de'/>
<id>a24b31696cebbd07b9ee4f71a222974d3fd060de</id>
<content type='text'>
commit 15383a0d63dbcd63dc7e8d9ec1bf3a0f7ebf64ac upstream.

Some fixes may require user space to check if they are applied on the
running kernel before using a specific feature.  For instance, this
applies when a restriction was previously too restrictive and is now
getting relaxed (e.g. for compatibility reasons).  However, non-visible
changes for legitimate use (e.g. security fixes) do not require an
erratum.

Because fixes are backported down to a specific Landlock ABI, we need a
way to avoid cherry-pick conflicts.  The solution is to only update a
file related to the lower ABI impacted by this issue.  All the ABI files
are then used to create a bitmask of fixes.

The new errata interface is similar to the one used to get the supported
Landlock ABI version, but it returns a bitmask instead because the order
of fixes may not match the order of versions, and not all fixes may
apply to all versions.

The actual errata will come with dedicated commits.  The description is
not actually used in the code but serves as documentation.

Create the landlock_abi_version symbol and use its value to check errata
consistency.

Update test_base's create_ruleset_checks_ordering tests and add errata
tests.

This commit is backportable down to the first version of Landlock.

Fixes: 3532b0b4352c ("landlock: Enable user space to infer supported features")
Cc: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250318161443.279194-3-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman &lt;gregkh@linuxfoundation.org&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
commit 15383a0d63dbcd63dc7e8d9ec1bf3a0f7ebf64ac upstream.

Some fixes may require user space to check if they are applied on the
running kernel before using a specific feature.  For instance, this
applies when a restriction was previously too restrictive and is now
getting relaxed (e.g. for compatibility reasons).  However, non-visible
changes for legitimate use (e.g. security fixes) do not require an
erratum.

Because fixes are backported down to a specific Landlock ABI, we need a
way to avoid cherry-pick conflicts.  The solution is to only update a
file related to the lower ABI impacted by this issue.  All the ABI files
are then used to create a bitmask of fixes.

The new errata interface is similar to the one used to get the supported
Landlock ABI version, but it returns a bitmask instead because the order
of fixes may not match the order of versions, and not all fixes may
apply to all versions.

The actual errata will come with dedicated commits.  The description is
not actually used in the code but serves as documentation.

Create the landlock_abi_version symbol and use its value to check errata
consistency.

Update test_base's create_ruleset_checks_ordering tests and add errata
tests.

This commit is backportable down to the first version of Landlock.

Fixes: 3532b0b4352c ("landlock: Enable user space to infer supported features")
Cc: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250318161443.279194-3-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman &lt;gregkh@linuxfoundation.org&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>landlock: Use scoped guards for ruleset in landlock_add_rule()</title>
<updated>2025-01-14T10:57:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mickaël Salaün</name>
<email>mic@digikod.net</email>
</author>
<published>2025-01-13T16:11:10+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=16a6f4d3b558bd55b52892f2becad8f33cb62ed2'/>
<id>16a6f4d3b558bd55b52892f2becad8f33cb62ed2</id>
<content type='text'>
Simplify error handling by replacing goto statements with automatic
calls to landlock_put_ruleset() when going out of scope.

This change depends on the TCP support.

Cc: Konstantin Meskhidze &lt;konstantin.meskhidze@huawei.com&gt;
Cc: Mikhail Ivanov &lt;ivanov.mikhail1@huawei-partners.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250113161112.452505-3-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Simplify error handling by replacing goto statements with automatic
calls to landlock_put_ruleset() when going out of scope.

This change depends on the TCP support.

Cc: Konstantin Meskhidze &lt;konstantin.meskhidze@huawei.com&gt;
Cc: Mikhail Ivanov &lt;ivanov.mikhail1@huawei-partners.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250113161112.452505-3-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>landlock: Use scoped guards for ruleset</title>
<updated>2025-01-14T10:57:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mickaël Salaün</name>
<email>mic@digikod.net</email>
</author>
<published>2025-01-13T16:11:09+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=d32f79a59ae1a90f27735c75f9920c585e6ceb8f'/>
<id>d32f79a59ae1a90f27735c75f9920c585e6ceb8f</id>
<content type='text'>
Simplify error handling by replacing goto statements with automatic
calls to landlock_put_ruleset() when going out of scope.

This change will be easy to backport to v6.6 if needed, only the
kernel.h include line conflicts.  As for any other similar changes, we
should be careful when backporting without goto statements.

Add missing include file.

Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250113161112.452505-2-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Simplify error handling by replacing goto statements with automatic
calls to landlock_put_ruleset() when going out of scope.

This change will be easy to backport to v6.6 if needed, only the
kernel.h include line conflicts.  As for any other similar changes, we
should be careful when backporting without goto statements.

Add missing include file.

Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250113161112.452505-2-mic@digikod.net
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge tag 'pull-fd' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs</title>
<updated>2024-11-18T20:24:06+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Linus Torvalds</name>
<email>torvalds@linux-foundation.org</email>
</author>
<published>2024-11-18T20:24:06+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=0f25f0e4efaeb68086f7e65c442f2d648b21736f'/>
<id>0f25f0e4efaeb68086f7e65c442f2d648b21736f</id>
<content type='text'>
Pull 'struct fd' class updates from Al Viro:
 "The bulk of struct fd memory safety stuff

  Making sure that struct fd instances are destroyed in the same scope
  where they'd been created, getting rid of reassignments and passing
  them by reference, converting to CLASS(fd{,_pos,_raw}).

  We are getting very close to having the memory safety of that stuff
  trivial to verify"

* tag 'pull-fd' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (28 commits)
  deal with the last remaing boolean uses of fd_file()
  css_set_fork(): switch to CLASS(fd_raw, ...)
  memcg_write_event_control(): switch to CLASS(fd)
  assorted variants of irqfd setup: convert to CLASS(fd)
  do_pollfd(): convert to CLASS(fd)
  convert do_select()
  convert vfs_dedupe_file_range().
  convert cifs_ioctl_copychunk()
  convert media_request_get_by_fd()
  convert spu_run(2)
  switch spufs_calls_{get,put}() to CLASS() use
  convert cachestat(2)
  convert do_preadv()/do_pwritev()
  fdget(), more trivial conversions
  fdget(), trivial conversions
  privcmd_ioeventfd_assign(): don't open-code eventfd_ctx_fdget()
  o2hb_region_dev_store(): avoid goto around fdget()/fdput()
  introduce "fd_pos" class, convert fdget_pos() users to it.
  fdget_raw() users: switch to CLASS(fd_raw)
  convert vmsplice() to CLASS(fd)
  ...
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Pull 'struct fd' class updates from Al Viro:
 "The bulk of struct fd memory safety stuff

  Making sure that struct fd instances are destroyed in the same scope
  where they'd been created, getting rid of reassignments and passing
  them by reference, converting to CLASS(fd{,_pos,_raw}).

  We are getting very close to having the memory safety of that stuff
  trivial to verify"

* tag 'pull-fd' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (28 commits)
  deal with the last remaing boolean uses of fd_file()
  css_set_fork(): switch to CLASS(fd_raw, ...)
  memcg_write_event_control(): switch to CLASS(fd)
  assorted variants of irqfd setup: convert to CLASS(fd)
  do_pollfd(): convert to CLASS(fd)
  convert do_select()
  convert vfs_dedupe_file_range().
  convert cifs_ioctl_copychunk()
  convert media_request_get_by_fd()
  convert spu_run(2)
  switch spufs_calls_{get,put}() to CLASS() use
  convert cachestat(2)
  convert do_preadv()/do_pwritev()
  fdget(), more trivial conversions
  fdget(), trivial conversions
  privcmd_ioeventfd_assign(): don't open-code eventfd_ctx_fdget()
  o2hb_region_dev_store(): avoid goto around fdget()/fdput()
  introduce "fd_pos" class, convert fdget_pos() users to it.
  fdget_raw() users: switch to CLASS(fd_raw)
  convert vmsplice() to CLASS(fd)
  ...
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>landlock: Refactor filesystem access mask management</title>
<updated>2024-11-09T18:52:10+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mickaël Salaün</name>
<email>mic@digikod.net</email>
</author>
<published>2024-11-09T11:08:54+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=0c0effb07f7d662af3e6f74da4d34241e412029b'/>
<id>0c0effb07f7d662af3e6f74da4d34241e412029b</id>
<content type='text'>
Replace get_raw_handled_fs_accesses() with a generic
landlock_union_access_masks(), and replace get_fs_domain() with a
generic landlock_get_applicable_domain().  These helpers will also be
useful for other types of access.

Cc: Mikhail Ivanov &lt;ivanov.mikhail1@huawei-partners.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241109110856.222842-2-mic@digikod.net
[mic: Slightly improve doc as suggested by Günther]
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Replace get_raw_handled_fs_accesses() with a generic
landlock_union_access_masks(), and replace get_fs_domain() with a
generic landlock_get_applicable_domain().  These helpers will also be
useful for other types of access.

Cc: Mikhail Ivanov &lt;ivanov.mikhail1@huawei-partners.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Günther Noack &lt;gnoack@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241109110856.222842-2-mic@digikod.net
[mic: Slightly improve doc as suggested by Günther]
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>fdget(), trivial conversions</title>
<updated>2024-11-03T06:28:06+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Al Viro</name>
<email>viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk</email>
</author>
<published>2024-07-20T00:17:58+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=6348be02eead77bdd1562154ed6b3296ad3b3750'/>
<id>6348be02eead77bdd1562154ed6b3296ad3b3750</id>
<content type='text'>
fdget() is the first thing done in scope, all matching fdput() are
immediately followed by leaving the scope.

Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
fdget() is the first thing done in scope, all matching fdput() are
immediately followed by leaving the scope.

Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>fdget_raw() users: switch to CLASS(fd_raw)</title>
<updated>2024-11-03T06:28:06+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Al Viro</name>
<email>viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk</email>
</author>
<published>2024-06-01T02:45:26+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=048181992cade404028c287241f570657195c81d'/>
<id>048181992cade404028c287241f570657195c81d</id>
<content type='text'>
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge tag 'landlock-6.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux</title>
<updated>2024-09-24T17:40:11+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Linus Torvalds</name>
<email>torvalds@linux-foundation.org</email>
</author>
<published>2024-09-24T17:40:11+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=e1b061b444fb01c237838f0d8238653afe6a8094'/>
<id>e1b061b444fb01c237838f0d8238653afe6a8094</id>
<content type='text'>
Pull landlock updates from Mickaël Salaün:
 "We can now scope a Landlock domain thanks to a new "scoped" field that
  can deny interactions with resources outside of this domain.

  The LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET flag denies connections to an
  abstract UNIX socket created outside of the current scoped domain, and
  the LANDLOCK_SCOPE_SIGNAL flag denies sending a signal to processes
  outside of the current scoped domain.

  These restrictions also apply to nested domains according to their
  scope. The related changes will also be useful to support other kind
  of IPC isolations"

* tag 'landlock-6.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux:
  landlock: Document LANDLOCK_SCOPE_SIGNAL
  samples/landlock: Add support for signal scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test signal created by out-of-bound message
  selftests/landlock: Test signal scoping for threads
  selftests/landlock: Test signal scoping
  landlock: Add signal scoping
  landlock: Document LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET
  samples/landlock: Add support for abstract UNIX socket scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test inherited restriction of abstract UNIX socket
  selftests/landlock: Test connected and unconnected datagram UNIX socket
  selftests/landlock: Test UNIX sockets with any address formats
  selftests/landlock: Test abstract UNIX socket scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test handling of unknown scope
  landlock: Add abstract UNIX socket scoping
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Pull landlock updates from Mickaël Salaün:
 "We can now scope a Landlock domain thanks to a new "scoped" field that
  can deny interactions with resources outside of this domain.

  The LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET flag denies connections to an
  abstract UNIX socket created outside of the current scoped domain, and
  the LANDLOCK_SCOPE_SIGNAL flag denies sending a signal to processes
  outside of the current scoped domain.

  These restrictions also apply to nested domains according to their
  scope. The related changes will also be useful to support other kind
  of IPC isolations"

* tag 'landlock-6.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux:
  landlock: Document LANDLOCK_SCOPE_SIGNAL
  samples/landlock: Add support for signal scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test signal created by out-of-bound message
  selftests/landlock: Test signal scoping for threads
  selftests/landlock: Test signal scoping
  landlock: Add signal scoping
  landlock: Document LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET
  samples/landlock: Add support for abstract UNIX socket scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test inherited restriction of abstract UNIX socket
  selftests/landlock: Test connected and unconnected datagram UNIX socket
  selftests/landlock: Test UNIX sockets with any address formats
  selftests/landlock: Test abstract UNIX socket scoping
  selftests/landlock: Test handling of unknown scope
  landlock: Add abstract UNIX socket scoping
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>landlock: Add abstract UNIX socket scoping</title>
<updated>2024-09-16T21:50:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Tahera Fahimi</name>
<email>fahimitahera@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2024-09-05T00:13:55+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=21d52e295ad2afc76bbd105da82a003b96f6ac77'/>
<id>21d52e295ad2afc76bbd105da82a003b96f6ac77</id>
<content type='text'>
Introduce a new "scoped" member to landlock_ruleset_attr that can
specify LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET to restrict connection to
abstract UNIX sockets from a process outside of the socket's domain.

Two hooks are implemented to enforce these restrictions:
unix_stream_connect and unix_may_send.

Closes: https://github.com/landlock-lsm/linux/issues/7
Signed-off-by: Tahera Fahimi &lt;fahimitahera@gmail.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/5f7ad85243b78427242275b93481cfc7c127764b.1725494372.git.fahimitahera@gmail.com
[mic: Fix commit message formatting, improve documentation, simplify
hook_unix_may_send(), and cosmetic fixes including rename of
LANDLOCK_SCOPED_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET]
Co-developed-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Introduce a new "scoped" member to landlock_ruleset_attr that can
specify LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET to restrict connection to
abstract UNIX sockets from a process outside of the socket's domain.

Two hooks are implemented to enforce these restrictions:
unix_stream_connect and unix_may_send.

Closes: https://github.com/landlock-lsm/linux/issues/7
Signed-off-by: Tahera Fahimi &lt;fahimitahera@gmail.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/5f7ad85243b78427242275b93481cfc7c127764b.1725494372.git.fahimitahera@gmail.com
[mic: Fix commit message formatting, improve documentation, simplify
hook_unix_may_send(), and cosmetic fixes including rename of
LANDLOCK_SCOPED_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET]
Co-developed-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün &lt;mic@digikod.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>introduce fd_file(), convert all accessors to it.</title>
<updated>2024-08-13T02:00:43+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Al Viro</name>
<email>viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk</email>
</author>
<published>2024-05-31T18:12:01+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.tavy.me/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=1da91ea87aefe2c25b68c9f96947a9271ba6325d'/>
<id>1da91ea87aefe2c25b68c9f96947a9271ba6325d</id>
<content type='text'>
	For any changes of struct fd representation we need to
turn existing accesses to fields into calls of wrappers.
Accesses to struct fd::flags are very few (3 in linux/file.h,
1 in net/socket.c, 3 in fs/overlayfs/file.c and 3 more in
explicit initializers).
	Those can be dealt with in the commit converting to
new layout; accesses to struct fd::file are too many for that.
	This commit converts (almost) all of f.file to
fd_file(f).  It's not entirely mechanical ('file' is used as
a member name more than just in struct fd) and it does not
even attempt to distinguish the uses in pointer context from
those in boolean context; the latter will be eventually turned
into a separate helper (fd_empty()).

	NOTE: mass conversion to fd_empty(), tempting as it
might be, is a bad idea; better do that piecewise in commit
that convert from fdget...() to CLASS(...).

[conflicts in fs/fhandle.c, kernel/bpf/syscall.c, mm/memcontrol.c
caught by git; fs/stat.c one got caught by git grep]
[fs/xattr.c conflict]

Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
	For any changes of struct fd representation we need to
turn existing accesses to fields into calls of wrappers.
Accesses to struct fd::flags are very few (3 in linux/file.h,
1 in net/socket.c, 3 in fs/overlayfs/file.c and 3 more in
explicit initializers).
	Those can be dealt with in the commit converting to
new layout; accesses to struct fd::file are too many for that.
	This commit converts (almost) all of f.file to
fd_file(f).  It's not entirely mechanical ('file' is used as
a member name more than just in struct fd) and it does not
even attempt to distinguish the uses in pointer context from
those in boolean context; the latter will be eventually turned
into a separate helper (fd_empty()).

	NOTE: mass conversion to fd_empty(), tempting as it
might be, is a bad idea; better do that piecewise in commit
that convert from fdget...() to CLASS(...).

[conflicts in fs/fhandle.c, kernel/bpf/syscall.c, mm/memcontrol.c
caught by git; fs/stat.c one got caught by git grep]
[fs/xattr.c conflict]

Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner &lt;brauner@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro &lt;viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk&gt;
</pre>
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