i_lock is only needed until __d_find_any_alias calls dget on the alias
dentry.  After that the reference to new ensures that dentry_kill and
d_delete will not remove the inode from the dentry, and remove the
dentry from the inode->d_entry list.

The inode i_lock came to be held over the the __d_move calls in
d_splice_alias through a series of introduction of locks with
increasing smaller scope.  First it was the dcache_lock, then
it was the dcache_inode_lock, and finally inode->i_lock.

Furthermore inode->i_lock is not held over any other calls
to d_move or __d_move so it can not provide any meaningful
rename protection.

Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

A rename can result in a dentry that by walking up d_parent
will never reach it's mnt_root.  For lack of a better term
I call this an escaped path.

prepend_path is called by four different functions __d_path,
d_absolute_path, d_path, and getcwd.

__d_path only wants to see paths are connected to the root it passes
in.  So __d_path needs prepend_path to return an error.

d_absolute_path similarly wants to see paths that are connected to
some root.  Escaped paths are not connected to any mnt_root so
d_absolute_path needs prepend_path to return an error greater
than 1.  So escaped paths will be treated like paths on lazily
unmounted mounts.

getcwd needs to prepend "(unreachable)" so getcwd also needs
prepend_path to return an error.

d_path is the interesting hold out.  d_path just wants to print
something, and does not care about the weird cases.  Which raises
the question what should be printed?

Given that <escaped_path>/<anything> should result in -ENOENT I
believe it is desirable for escaped paths to be printed as empty
paths.  As there are not really any meaninful path components when
considered from the perspective of a mount tree.

So tweak prepend_path to return an empty path with an new error
code of 3 when it encounters an escaped path.

Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

Dave Hansen reported the following;

	My laptop has been behaving strangely with 4.2-rc2.  Once I log
	in to my X session, I start getting all kinds of strange errors
	from applications and see this in my dmesg:

        	VFS: file-max limit 8192 reached

The problem is that the file-max is calculated before memory is fully
initialised and miscalculates how much memory the kernel is using.  This
patch recalculates file-max after deferred memory initialisation.  Note
that using memory hotplug infrastructure would not have avoided this
problem as the value is not recalculated after memory hot-add.

4.1:             files_stat.max_files = 6582781
4.2-rc2:         files_stat.max_files = 8192
4.2-rc2 patched: files_stat.max_files = 6562467

Small differences with the patch applied and 4.1 but not enough to matter.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Nicolai Stange <nicstange@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Alex Ng <alexng@microsoft.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

	Normally opening a file, unlinking it and then closing will have
the inode freed upon close() (provided that it's not otherwise busy and
has no remaining links, of course).  However, there's one case where that
does *not* happen.  Namely, if you open it by fhandle with cold dcache,
then unlink() and close().

	In normal case you get d_delete() in unlink(2) notice that dentry
is busy and unhash it; on the final dput() it will be forcibly evicted from
dcache, triggering iput() and inode removal.  In this case, though, we end
up with *two* dentries - disconnected (created by open-by-fhandle) and
regular one (used by unlink()).  The latter will have its reference to inode
dropped just fine, but the former will not - it's considered hashed (it
is on the ->s_anon list), so it will stay around until the memory pressure
will finally do it in.  As the result, we have the final iput() delayed
indefinitely.  It's trivial to reproduce -

void flush_dcache(void)
{
        system("mount -o remount,rw /");
}

static char buf[20 * 1024 * 1024];

main()
{
        int fd;
        union {
                struct file_handle f;
                char buf[MAX_HANDLE_SZ];
        } x;
        int m;

        x.f.handle_bytes = sizeof(x);
        chdir("/root");
        mkdir("foo", 0700);
        fd = open("foo/bar", O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0600);
        close(fd);
        name_to_handle_at(AT_FDCWD, "foo/bar", &x.f, &m, 0);
        flush_dcache();
        fd = open_by_handle_at(AT_FDCWD, &x.f, O_RDWR);
        unlink("foo/bar");
        write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
        system("df .");			/* 20Mb eaten */
        close(fd);
        system("df .");			/* should've freed those 20Mb */
        flush_dcache();
        system("df .");			/* should be the same as #2 */
}

will spit out something like
Filesystem     1K-blocks   Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root         322023 303843      1131 100% /
Filesystem     1K-blocks   Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root         322023 303843      1131 100% /
Filesystem     1K-blocks   Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root         322023 283282     21692  93% /
- inode gets freed only when dentry is finally evicted (here we trigger
than by remount; normally it would've happened in response to memory
pressure hell knows when).

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v2.6.38+; earlier ones need s/kill_it/unhash_it/
Acked-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

Pull more vfs updates from Al Viro:
 "Assorted VFS fixes and related cleanups (IMO the most interesting in
  that part are f_path-related things and Eric's descriptor-related
  stuff).  UFS regression fixes (it got broken last cycle).  9P fixes.
  fs-cache series, DAX patches, Jan's file_remove_suid() work"

[ I'd say this is much more than "fixes and related cleanups".  The
  file_table locking rule change by Eric Dumazet is a rather big and
  fundamental update even if the patch isn't huge.   - Linus ]

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (49 commits)
  9p: cope with bogus responses from server in p9_client_{read,write}
  p9_client_write(): avoid double p9_free_req()
  9p: forgetting to cancel request on interrupted zero-copy RPC
  dax: bdev_direct_access() may sleep
  block: Add support for DAX reads/writes to block devices
  dax: Use copy_from_iter_nocache
  dax: Add block size note to documentation
  fs/file.c: __fget() and dup2() atomicity rules
  fs/file.c: don't acquire files->file_lock in fd_install()
  fs:super:get_anon_bdev: fix race condition could cause dev exceed its upper limitation
  vfs: avoid creation of inode number 0 in get_next_ino
  namei: make set_root_rcu() return void
  make simple_positive() public
  ufs: use dir_pages instead of ufs_dir_pages()
  pagemap.h: move dir_pages() over there
  remove the pointless include of lglock.h
  fs: cleanup slight list_entry abuse
  xfs: Correctly lock inode when removing suid and file capabilities
  fs: Call security_ops->inode_killpriv on truncate
  fs: Provide function telling whether file_remove_privs() will do anything
  ...

Pull user namespace updates from Eric Biederman:
 "Long ago and far away when user namespaces where young it was realized
  that allowing fresh mounts of proc and sysfs with only user namespace
  permissions could violate the basic rule that only root gets to decide
  if proc or sysfs should be mounted at all.

  Some hacks were put in place to reduce the worst of the damage could
  be done, and the common sense rule was adopted that fresh mounts of
  proc and sysfs should allow no more than bind mounts of proc and
  sysfs.  Unfortunately that rule has not been fully enforced.

  There are two kinds of gaps in that enforcement.  Only filesystems
  mounted on empty directories of proc and sysfs should be ignored but
  the test for empty directories was insufficient.  So in my tree
  directories on proc, sysctl and sysfs that will always be empty are
  created specially.  Every other technique is imperfect as an ordinary
  directory can have entries added even after a readdir returns and
  shows that the directory is empty.  Special creation of directories
  for mount points makes the code in the kernel a smidge clearer about
  it's purpose.  I asked container developers from the various container
  projects to help test this and no holes were found in the set of mount
  points on proc and sysfs that are created specially.

  This set of changes also starts enforcing the mount flags of fresh
  mounts of proc and sysfs are consistent with the existing mount of
  proc and sysfs.  I expected this to be the boring part of the work but
  unfortunately unprivileged userspace winds up mounting fresh copies of
  proc and sysfs with noexec and nosuid clear when root set those flags
  on the previous mount of proc and sysfs.  So for now only the atime,
  read-only and nodev attributes which userspace happens to keep
  consistent are enforced.  Dealing with the noexec and nosuid
  attributes remains for another time.

  This set of changes also addresses an issue with how open file
  descriptors from /proc/<pid>/ns/* are displayed.  Recently readlink of
  /proc/<pid>/fd has been triggering a WARN_ON that has not been
  meaningful since it was added (as all of the code in the kernel was
  converted) and is not now actively wrong.

  There is also a short list of issues that have not been fixed yet that
  I will mention briefly.

  It is possible to rename a directory from below to above a bind mount.
  At which point any directory pointers below the renamed directory can
  be walked up to the root directory of the filesystem.  With user
  namespaces enabled a bind mount of the bind mount can be created
  allowing the user to pick a directory whose children they can rename
  to outside of the bind mount.  This is challenging to fix and doubly
  so because all obvious solutions must touch code that is in the
  performance part of pathname resolution.

  As mentioned above there is also a question of how to ensure that
  developers by accident or with purpose do not introduce exectuable
  files on sysfs and proc and in doing so introduce security regressions
  in the current userspace that will not be immediately obvious and as
  such are likely to require breaking userspace in painful ways once
  they are recognized"

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespace:
  vfs: Remove incorrect debugging WARN in prepend_path
  mnt: Update fs_fully_visible to test for permanently empty directories
  sysfs: Create mountpoints with sysfs_create_mount_point
  sysfs: Add support for permanently empty directories to serve as mount points.
  kernfs: Add support for always empty directories.
  proc: Allow creating permanently empty directories that serve as mount points
  sysctl: Allow creating permanently empty directories that serve as mountpoints.
  fs: Add helper functions for permanently empty directories.
  vfs: Ignore unlocked mounts in fs_fully_visible
  mnt: Modify fs_fully_visible to deal with locked ro nodev and atime
  mnt: Refactor the logic for mounting sysfs and proc in a user namespace

The warning message in prepend_path is unclear and outdated.  It was
added as a warning that the mechanism for generating names of pseudo
files had been removed from prepend_path and d_dname should be used
instead.  Unfortunately the warning reads like a general warning,
making it unclear what to do with it.

Remove the warning.  The transition it was added to warn about is long
over, and I added code several years ago which in rare cases causes
the warning to fire on legitimate code, and the warning is now firing
and scaring people for no good reason.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reported-by: Ivan Delalande <colona@arista.com>
Reported-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@osandov.com>
Fixes: f48cfddc6729e ("vfs: In d_path don't call d_dname on a mount point")
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>

Pull timer updates from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A rather largish update for everything time and timer related:

   - Cache footprint optimizations for both hrtimers and timer wheel

   - Lower the NOHZ impact on systems which have NOHZ or timer migration
     disabled at runtime.

   - Optimize run time overhead of hrtimer interrupt by making the clock
     offset updates smarter

   - hrtimer cleanups and removal of restrictions to tackle some
     problems in sched/perf

   - Some more leap second tweaks

   - Another round of changes addressing the 2038 problem

   - First step to change the internals of clock event devices by
     introducing the necessary infrastructure

   - Allow constant folding for usecs/msecs_to_jiffies()

   - The usual pile of clockevent/clocksource driver updates

  The hrtimer changes contain updates to sched, perf and x86 as they
  depend on them plus changes all over the tree to cleanup API changes
  and redundant code, which got copied all over the place.  The y2038
  changes touch s390 to remove the last non 2038 safe code related to
  boot/persistant clock"

* 'timers-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (114 commits)
  clocksource: Increase dependencies of timer-stm32 to limit build wreckage
  timer: Minimize nohz off overhead
  timer: Reduce timer migration overhead if disabled
  timer: Stats: Simplify the flags handling
  timer: Replace timer base by a cpu index
  timer: Use hlist for the timer wheel hash buckets
  timer: Remove FIFO "guarantee"
  timers: Sanitize catchup_timer_jiffies() usage
  hrtimer: Allow hrtimer::function() to free the timer
  seqcount: Introduce raw_write_seqcount_barrier()
  seqcount: Rename write_seqcount_barrier()
  hrtimer: Fix hrtimer_is_queued() hole
  hrtimer: Remove HRTIMER_STATE_MIGRATE
  selftest: Timers: Avoid signal deadlock in leap-a-day
  timekeeping: Copy the shadow-timekeeper over the real timekeeper last
  clockevents: Check state instead of mode in suspend/resume path
  selftests: timers: Add leap-second timer edge testing to leap-a-day.c
  ntp: Do leapsecond adjustment in adjtimex read path
  time: Prevent early expiry of hrtimers[CLOCK_REALTIME] at the leap second edge
  ntp: Introduce and use SECS_PER_DAY macro instead of 86400
  ...

Make file->f_path always point to the overlay dentry so that the path in
/proc/pid/fd is correct and to ensure that label-based LSMs have access to the
overlay as well as the underlay (path-based LSMs probably don't need it).

Using my union testsuite to set things up, before the patch I see:

	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# bash 5</mnt/a/foo107
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# ls -l /proc/$$/fd/
	...
	lr-x------. 1 root root 64 Jun  5 14:38 5 -> /a/foo107
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# stat /mnt/a/foo107
	...
	Device: 23h/35d Inode: 13381       Links: 1
	...
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# stat -L /proc/$$/fd/5
	...
	Device: 23h/35d Inode: 13381       Links: 1
	...

After the patch:

	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# bash 5</mnt/a/foo107
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# ls -l /proc/$$/fd/
	...
	lr-x------. 1 root root 64 Jun  5 14:22 5 -> /mnt/a/foo107
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# stat /mnt/a/foo107
	...
	Device: 23h/35d Inode: 40346       Links: 1
	...
	[root@andromeda union-testsuite]# stat -L /proc/$$/fd/5
	...
	Device: 23h/35d Inode: 40346       Links: 1
	...

Note the change in where /proc/$$/fd/5 points to in the ls command.  It was
pointing to /a/foo107 (which doesn't exist) and now points to /mnt/a/foo107
(which is correct).

The inode accessed, however, is the lower layer.  The union layer is on device
25h/37d and the upper layer on 24h/36d.

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

I'll shortly be introducing another seqcount primitive that's useful
to provide ordering semantics and would like to use the
write_seqcount_barrier() name for that.

Seeing how there's only one user of the current primitive, lets rename
it to invalidate, as that appears what its doing.

While there, employ lockdep_assert_held() instead of
assert_spin_locked() to not generate debug code for regular kernels.

Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: ktkhai@parallels.com
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: juri.lelli@gmail.com
Cc: pang.xunlei@linaro.org
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: wanpeng.li@linux.intel.com
Cc: Paul McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: umgwanakikbuti@gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150611124743.279926217@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>