linux-stable.git/drivers/block, branch linux-4.1.y Linux kernel stable tree Fix loop device flush before configure v3 2018-05-23T01:36:28+00:00 James Wang jnwang@suse.com 2017-06-08T06:52:51+00:00 a91ae4f00b22e1a407debab839e9487e16565c8e [ Upstream commit 6460495709aeb651896bc8e5c134b2e4ca7d34a8 ] While installing SLES-12 (based on v4.4), I found that the installer will stall for 60+ seconds during LVM disk scan. The root cause was determined to be the removal of a bound device check in loop_flush() by commit b5dd2f6047ca ("block: loop: improve performance via blk-mq"). Restoring this check, examining ->lo_state as set by loop_set_fd() eliminates the bad behavior. Test method: modprobe loop max_loop=64 dd if=/dev/zero of=disk bs=512 count=200K for((i=0;i<4;i++))do losetup -f disk; done mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/loop0 for((i=0;i<4;i++))do mkdir t$i; mount /dev/loop$i t$i;done for f in `ls /dev/loop[0-9]*|sort`; do \ echo $f; dd if=$f of=/dev/null bs=512 count=1; \ done Test output: stock patched /dev/loop0 18.1217e-05 8.3842e-05 /dev/loop1 6.1114e-05 0.000147979 /dev/loop10 0.414701 0.000116564 /dev/loop11 0.7474 6.7942e-05 /dev/loop12 0.747986 8.9082e-05 /dev/loop13 0.746532 7.4799e-05 /dev/loop14 0.480041 9.3926e-05 /dev/loop15 1.26453 7.2522e-05 Note that from loop10 onward, the device is not mounted, yet the stock kernel consumes several orders of magnitude more wall time than it does for a mounted device. (Thanks for Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>, give a changelog review.) Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: James Wang <jnwang@suse.com> Fixes: b5dd2f6047ca ("block: loop: improve performance via blk-mq") Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com> 
[ Upstream commit 6460495709aeb651896bc8e5c134b2e4ca7d34a8 ]

While installing SLES-12 (based on v4.4), I found that the installer
will stall for 60+ seconds during LVM disk scan.  The root cause was
determined to be the removal of a bound device check in loop_flush()
by commit b5dd2f6047ca ("block: loop: improve performance via blk-mq").

Restoring this check, examining ->lo_state as set by loop_set_fd()
eliminates the bad behavior.

Test method:
modprobe loop max_loop=64
dd if=/dev/zero of=disk bs=512 count=200K
for((i=0;i<4;i++))do losetup -f disk; done
mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/loop0
for((i=0;i<4;i++))do mkdir t$i; mount /dev/loop$i t$i;done
for f in `ls /dev/loop[0-9]*|sort`; do \
	echo $f; dd if=$f of=/dev/null  bs=512 count=1; \
	done

Test output:  stock          patched
/dev/loop0    18.1217e-05    8.3842e-05
/dev/loop1     6.1114e-05    0.000147979
/dev/loop10    0.414701      0.000116564
/dev/loop11    0.7474        6.7942e-05
/dev/loop12    0.747986      8.9082e-05
/dev/loop13    0.746532      7.4799e-05
/dev/loop14    0.480041      9.3926e-05
/dev/loop15    1.26453       7.2522e-05

Note that from loop10 onward, the device is not mounted, yet the
stock kernel consumes several orders of magnitude more wall time
than it does for a mounted device.
(Thanks for Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>, give a changelog review.)

Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Wang <jnwang@suse.com>
Fixes: b5dd2f6047ca ("block: loop: improve performance via blk-mq")
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com>
loop: Fix lost writes caused by missing flag 2018-03-21T03:49:50+00:00 Ross Zwisler ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com 2018-03-09T15:36:36+00:00 f8ea20b307284e04ec2bee4ab04d25fb50bc7471 [ Upstream commit 1d037577c323e5090ce281e96bc313ab2eee5be2 ] The following commit: commit aa4d86163e4e ("block: loop: switch to VFS ITER_BVEC") replaced __do_lo_send_write(), which used ITER_KVEC iterators, with lo_write_bvec() which uses ITER_BVEC iterators. In this change, though, the WRITE flag was lost: - iov_iter_kvec(&from, ITER_KVEC | WRITE, &kvec, 1, len); + iov_iter_bvec(&i, ITER_BVEC, bvec, 1, bvec->bv_len); This flag is necessary for the DAX case because we make decisions based on whether or not the iterator is a READ or a WRITE in dax_iomap_actor() and in dax_iomap_rw(). We end up going through this path in configurations where we combine a PMEM device with 4k sectors, a loopback device and DAX. The consequence of this missed flag is that what we intend as a write actually turns into a read in the DAX code, so no data is ever written. The very simplest test case is to create a loopback device and try and write a small string to it, then hexdump a few bytes of the device to see if the write took. Without this patch you read back all zeros, with this you read back the string you wrote. For XFS this causes us to fail or panic during the following xfstests: xfs/074 xfs/078 xfs/216 xfs/217 xfs/250 For ext4 we have a similar issue where writes never happen, but we don't currently have any xfstests that use loopback and show this issue. Fix this by restoring the WRITE flag argument to iov_iter_bvec(). This causes the xfstests to all pass. Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: commit aa4d86163e4e ("block: loop: switch to VFS ITER_BVEC") Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com> 
[ Upstream commit 1d037577c323e5090ce281e96bc313ab2eee5be2 ]

The following commit:

commit aa4d86163e4e ("block: loop: switch to VFS ITER_BVEC")

replaced __do_lo_send_write(), which used ITER_KVEC iterators, with
lo_write_bvec() which uses ITER_BVEC iterators.  In this change, though,
the WRITE flag was lost:

-       iov_iter_kvec(&from, ITER_KVEC | WRITE, &kvec, 1, len);
+       iov_iter_bvec(&i, ITER_BVEC, bvec, 1, bvec->bv_len);

This flag is necessary for the DAX case because we make decisions based on
whether or not the iterator is a READ or a WRITE in dax_iomap_actor() and
in dax_iomap_rw().

We end up going through this path in configurations where we combine a PMEM
device with 4k sectors, a loopback device and DAX.  The consequence of this
missed flag is that what we intend as a write actually turns into a read in
the DAX code, so no data is ever written.

The very simplest test case is to create a loopback device and try and
write a small string to it, then hexdump a few bytes of the device to see
if the write took.  Without this patch you read back all zeros, with this
you read back the string you wrote.

For XFS this causes us to fail or panic during the following xfstests:

	xfs/074 xfs/078 xfs/216 xfs/217 xfs/250

For ext4 we have a similar issue where writes never happen, but we don't
currently have any xfstests that use loopback and show this issue.

Fix this by restoring the WRITE flag argument to iov_iter_bvec().  This
causes the xfstests to all pass.

Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: commit aa4d86163e4e ("block: loop: switch to VFS ITER_BVEC")
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com>
pktcdvd: Fix pkt_setup_dev() error path 2018-03-04T15:28:22+00:00 Bart Van Assche bart.vanassche@wdc.com 2018-01-02T19:39:47+00:00 996b7d3177b9860c80d903a650fa803e22f8d35e [ Upstream commit 5a0ec388ef0f6e33841aeb810d7fa23f049ec4cd ] Commit 523e1d399ce0 ("block: make gendisk hold a reference to its queue") modified add_disk() and disk_release() but did not update any of the error paths that trigger a put_disk() call after disk->queue has been assigned. That introduced the following behavior in the pktcdvd driver if pkt_new_dev() fails: Kernel BUG at 00000000e98fd882 [verbose debug info unavailable] Since disk_release() calls blk_put_queue() anyway if disk->queue != NULL, fix this by removing the blk_cleanup_queue() call from the pkt_setup_dev() error path. Fixes: commit 523e1d399ce0 ("block: make gendisk hold a reference to its queue") Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Maciej S. Szmigiero <mail@maciej.szmigiero.name> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v3.2 Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com> 
[ Upstream commit 5a0ec388ef0f6e33841aeb810d7fa23f049ec4cd ]

Commit 523e1d399ce0 ("block: make gendisk hold a reference to its queue")
modified add_disk() and disk_release() but did not update any of the
error paths that trigger a put_disk() call after disk->queue has been
assigned. That introduced the following behavior in the pktcdvd driver
if pkt_new_dev() fails:

Kernel BUG at 00000000e98fd882 [verbose debug info unavailable]

Since disk_release() calls blk_put_queue() anyway if disk->queue != NULL,
fix this by removing the blk_cleanup_queue() call from the pkt_setup_dev()
error path.

Fixes: commit 523e1d399ce0 ("block: make gendisk hold a reference to its queue")
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Maciej S. Szmigiero <mail@maciej.szmigiero.name>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v3.2
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com>
loop: fix concurrent lo_open/lo_release 2018-03-01T03:09:45+00:00 Linus Torvalds torvalds@linux-foundation.org 2018-01-06T00:26:00+00:00 f3ddd4df852f8c2ed11d09086b64a3be76ea2aed [ Upstream commit ae6650163c66a7eff1acd6eb8b0f752dcfa8eba5 ] 范龙飞 reports that KASAN can report a use-after-free in __lock_acquire. The reason is due to insufficient serialization in lo_release(), which will continue to use the loop device even after it has decremented the lo_refcnt to zero. In the meantime, another process can come in, open the loop device again as it is being shut down. Confusion ensues. Reported-by: 范龙飞 <long7573@126.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com> 
[ Upstream commit ae6650163c66a7eff1acd6eb8b0f752dcfa8eba5 ]

范龙飞 reports that KASAN can report a use-after-free in __lock_acquire.
The reason is due to insufficient serialization in lo_release(), which
will continue to use the loop device even after it has decremented the
lo_refcnt to zero.

In the meantime, another process can come in, open the loop device
again as it is being shut down. Confusion ensues.

Reported-by: 范龙飞 <long7573@126.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@microsoft.com>
xen-blkback: don't leak stack data via response ring 2017-12-07T02:20:09+00:00 Jan Beulich jbeulich@suse.com 2017-06-13T20:28:27+00:00 516e503b7e1ea541ea3eac082ad1ee165ca6756a [ Upstream commit 089bc0143f489bd3a4578bdff5f4ca68fb26f341 ] Rather than constructing a local structure instance on the stack, fill the fields directly on the shared ring, just like other backends do. Build on the fact that all response structure flavors are actually identical (the old code did make this assumption too). This is XSA-216. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit 089bc0143f489bd3a4578bdff5f4ca68fb26f341 ]

Rather than constructing a local structure instance on the stack, fill
the fields directly on the shared ring, just like other backends do.
Build on the fact that all response structure flavors are actually
identical (the old code did make this assumption too).

This is XSA-216.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org

Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
rbd: use GFP_NOIO for parent stat and data requests 2017-12-07T02:20:03+00:00 Ilya Dryomov idryomov@gmail.com 2017-11-06T10:33:36+00:00 fea04c3a158ae110a014d3102c01b41f9fe1f7d3 [ Upstream commit 1e37f2f84680fa7f8394fd444b6928e334495ccc ] rbd_img_obj_exists_submit() and rbd_img_obj_parent_read_full() are on the writeback path for cloned images -- we attempt a stat on the parent object to see if it exists and potentially read it in to call copyup. GFP_NOIO should be used instead of GFP_KERNEL here. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/22014 Signed-off-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: David Disseldorp <ddiss@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit 1e37f2f84680fa7f8394fd444b6928e334495ccc ]

rbd_img_obj_exists_submit() and rbd_img_obj_parent_read_full() are on
the writeback path for cloned images -- we attempt a stat on the parent
object to see if it exists and potentially read it in to call copyup.
GFP_NOIO should be used instead of GFP_KERNEL here.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/22014
Signed-off-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: David Disseldorp <ddiss@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
skd: Submit requests to firmware before triggering the doorbell 2017-10-04T11:42:59+00:00 Bart Van Assche bart.vanassche@wdc.com 2017-08-17T20:12:46+00:00 be3bb0b6a4abd9d12be4acb6fb1b9a9e3c9ba4b3 [ Upstream commit 5fbd545cd3fd311ea1d6e8be4cedddd0ee5684c7 ] Ensure that the members of struct skd_msg_buf have been transferred to the PCIe adapter before the doorbell is triggered. This patch avoids that I/O fails sporadically and that the following error message is reported: (skd0:STM000196603:[0000:00:09.0]): Completion mismatch comp_id=0x0000 skreq=0x0400 new=0x0000 Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de> Cc: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit 5fbd545cd3fd311ea1d6e8be4cedddd0ee5684c7 ]

Ensure that the members of struct skd_msg_buf have been transferred
to the PCIe adapter before the doorbell is triggered. This patch
avoids that I/O fails sporadically and that the following error
message is reported:

(skd0:STM000196603:[0000:00:09.0]): Completion mismatch comp_id=0x0000 skreq=0x0400 new=0x0000

Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
skd: Avoid that module unloading triggers a use-after-free 2017-10-04T11:42:59+00:00 Bart Van Assche bart.vanassche@wdc.com 2017-08-17T20:12:45+00:00 4716f42b926947bc5d08760a6f4777525eb37d27 [ Upstream commit 7277cc67b3916eed47558c64f9c9c0de00a35cda ] Since put_disk() triggers a disk_release() call and since that last function calls blk_put_queue() if disk->queue != NULL, clear the disk->queue pointer before calling put_disk(). This avoids that unloading the skd kernel module triggers the following use-after-free: WARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 297 at lib/refcount.c:128 refcount_sub_and_test+0x70/0x80 refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free. CPU: 8 PID: 297 Comm: kworker/8:1 Not tainted 4.11.10-300.fc26.x86_64 #1 Workqueue: events work_for_cpu_fn Call Trace: dump_stack+0x63/0x84 __warn+0xcb/0xf0 warn_slowpath_fmt+0x5a/0x80 refcount_sub_and_test+0x70/0x80 refcount_dec_and_test+0x11/0x20 kobject_put+0x1f/0x50 blk_put_queue+0x15/0x20 disk_release+0xae/0xf0 device_release+0x32/0x90 kobject_release+0x67/0x170 kobject_put+0x2b/0x50 put_disk+0x17/0x20 skd_destruct+0x5c/0x890 [skd] skd_pci_probe+0x124d/0x13a0 [skd] local_pci_probe+0x42/0xa0 work_for_cpu_fn+0x14/0x20 process_one_work+0x19e/0x470 worker_thread+0x1dc/0x4a0 kthread+0x125/0x140 ret_from_fork+0x25/0x30 Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de> Cc: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit 7277cc67b3916eed47558c64f9c9c0de00a35cda ]

Since put_disk() triggers a disk_release() call and since that
last function calls blk_put_queue() if disk->queue != NULL, clear
the disk->queue pointer before calling put_disk(). This avoids
that unloading the skd kernel module triggers the following
use-after-free:

WARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 297 at lib/refcount.c:128 refcount_sub_and_test+0x70/0x80
refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free.
CPU: 8 PID: 297 Comm: kworker/8:1 Not tainted 4.11.10-300.fc26.x86_64 #1
Workqueue: events work_for_cpu_fn
Call Trace:
 dump_stack+0x63/0x84
 __warn+0xcb/0xf0
 warn_slowpath_fmt+0x5a/0x80
 refcount_sub_and_test+0x70/0x80
 refcount_dec_and_test+0x11/0x20
 kobject_put+0x1f/0x50
 blk_put_queue+0x15/0x20
 disk_release+0xae/0xf0
 device_release+0x32/0x90
 kobject_release+0x67/0x170
 kobject_put+0x2b/0x50
 put_disk+0x17/0x20
 skd_destruct+0x5c/0x890 [skd]
 skd_pci_probe+0x124d/0x13a0 [skd]
 local_pci_probe+0x42/0xa0
 work_for_cpu_fn+0x14/0x20
 process_one_work+0x19e/0x470
 worker_thread+0x1dc/0x4a0
 kthread+0x125/0x140
 ret_from_fork+0x25/0x30

Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@wdc.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
virtio_blk: fix panic in initialization error path 2017-09-10T20:36:06+00:00 Omar Sandoval osandov@fb.com 2017-01-09T19:44:12+00:00 1ca4367b55f22e04b7b2d59bfe9020ea4db4f808 [ Upstream commit 6bf6b0aa3da84a3d9126919a94c49c0fb7ee2fb3 ] If blk_mq_init_queue() returns an error, it gets assigned to vblk->disk->queue. Then, when we call put_disk(), we end up calling blk_put_queue() with the ERR_PTR, causing a bad dereference. Fix it by only assigning to vblk->disk->queue on success. Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com> Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit 6bf6b0aa3da84a3d9126919a94c49c0fb7ee2fb3 ]

If blk_mq_init_queue() returns an error, it gets assigned to
vblk->disk->queue. Then, when we call put_disk(), we end up calling
blk_put_queue() with the ERR_PTR, causing a bad dereference. Fix it by
only assigning to vblk->disk->queue on success.

Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
xen/blkback: don't use xen_blkif_get() in xen-blkback kthread 2017-09-10T20:35:51+00:00 Juergen Gross jgross@suse.com 2017-05-18T15:28:49+00:00 af7601b496c47ff270c78872b37a99c7d071cbf0 [ Upstream commit a24fa22ce22ae302b3bf8f7008896d52d5d57b8d ] There is no need to use xen_blkif_get()/xen_blkif_put() in the kthread of xen-blkback. Thread stopping is synchronous and using the blkif reference counting in the kthread will avoid to ever let the reference count drop to zero at the end of an I/O running concurrent to disconnecting and multiple rings. Setting ring->xenblkd to NULL after stopping the kthread isn't needed as the kthread does this already. Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com> Tested-by: Steven Haigh <netwiz@crc.id.au> Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com> Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> 
[ Upstream commit a24fa22ce22ae302b3bf8f7008896d52d5d57b8d ]

There is no need to use xen_blkif_get()/xen_blkif_put() in the kthread
of xen-blkback. Thread stopping is synchronous and using the blkif
reference counting in the kthread will avoid to ever let the reference
count drop to zero at the end of an I/O running concurrent to
disconnecting and multiple rings.

Setting ring->xenblkd to NULL after stopping the kthread isn't needed
as the kthread does this already.

Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Tested-by: Steven Haigh <netwiz@crc.id.au>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>