linux-stable.git/drivers/android, branch linux-5.10.y

binder: don't use %pK through printk

2026-03-04T12:20:06+00:00

[ Upstream commit 56d21267663bad91e8b10121224ec46366a7937e ]

In the past %pK was preferable to %p as it would not leak raw pointer
values into the kernel log. Since commit ad67b74d2469 ("printk: hash
addresses printed with %p") the regular %p has been improved to avoid
this issue. Furthermore, restricted pointers ("%pK") were never meant
to be used through printk(). They can still unintentionally leak raw
pointers or acquire sleeping locks in atomic contexts.

Switch to the regular pointer formatting which is safer and
easier to reason about.

There are still a few users of %pK left, but these use it through
seq_file, for which its usage is safe.

Signed-off-by: Thomas Weißschuh 
Acked-by: Carlos Llamas 
Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl 
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260107-restricted-pointers-binder-v1-1-181018bf3812@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman 
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin

binderfs: fix ida_alloc_max() upper bound

2026-02-11T12:34:21+00:00

commit ec4ddc90d201d09ef4e4bef8a2c6d9624525ad68 upstream.

The 'max' argument of ida_alloc_max() takes the maximum valid ID and not
the "count". Using an ID of BINDERFS_MAX_MINOR (1 << 20) for dev->minor
would exceed the limits of minor numbers (20-bits). Fix this off-by-one
error by subtracting 1 from the 'max'.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 3ad20fe393b3 ("binder: implement binderfs")
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260127235545.2307876-2-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: remove "invalid inc weak" check

2025-10-29T13:01:22+00:00

commit d90eeb8ecd227c204ab6c34a17b372bd950b7aa2 upstream.

There are no scenarios where a weak increment is invalid on binder_node.
The only possible case where it could be invalid is if the kernel
delivers BR_DECREFS to the process that owns the node, and then
increments the weak refcount again, effectively "reviving" a dead node.

However, that is not possible: when the BR_DECREFS command is delivered,
the kernel removes and frees the binder_node. The fact that you were
able to call binder_inc_node_nilocked() implies that the node is not yet
destroyed, which implies that BR_DECREFS has not been delivered to
userspace, so incrementing the weak refcount is valid.

Note that it's currently possible to trigger this condition if the owner
calls BINDER_THREAD_EXIT while node->has_weak_ref is true. This causes
BC_INCREFS on binder_ref instances to fail when they should not.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 457b9a6f09f0 ("Staging: android: add binder driver")
Reported-by: Yu-Ting Tseng 
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl 
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20251015-binder-weak-inc-v1-1-7914b092c371@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: fix UAF caused by offsets overwrite

2024-09-12T09:06:50+00:00

commit 4df153652cc46545722879415937582028c18af5 upstream.

Binder objects are processed and copied individually into the target
buffer during transactions. Any raw data in-between these objects is
copied as well. However, this raw data copy lacks an out-of-bounds
check. If the raw data exceeds the data section size then the copy
overwrites the offsets section. This eventually triggers an error that
attempts to unwind the processed objects. However, at this point the
offsets used to index these objects are now corrupted.

Unwinding with corrupted offsets can result in decrements of arbitrary
nodes and lead to their premature release. Other users of such nodes are
left with a dangling pointer triggering a use-after-free. This issue is
made evident by the following KASAN report (trimmed):

  ==================================================================
  BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in _raw_spin_lock+0xe4/0x19c
  Write of size 4 at addr ffff47fc91598f04 by task binder-util/743

  CPU: 9 UID: 0 PID: 743 Comm: binder-util Not tainted 6.11.0-rc4 #1
  Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
  Call trace:
   _raw_spin_lock+0xe4/0x19c
   binder_free_buf+0x128/0x434
   binder_thread_write+0x8a4/0x3260
   binder_ioctl+0x18f0/0x258c
  [...]

  Allocated by task 743:
   __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x110/0x270
   binder_new_node+0x50/0x700
   binder_transaction+0x413c/0x6da8
   binder_thread_write+0x978/0x3260
   binder_ioctl+0x18f0/0x258c
  [...]

  Freed by task 745:
   kfree+0xbc/0x208
   binder_thread_read+0x1c5c/0x37d4
   binder_ioctl+0x16d8/0x258c
  [...]
  ==================================================================

To avoid this issue, let's check that the raw data copy is within the
boundaries of the data section.

Fixes: 6d98eb95b450 ("binder: avoid potential data leakage when copying txn")
Cc: Todd Kjos 
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240822182353.2129600-1-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: fix hang of unregistered readers

2024-08-19T03:40:58+00:00

commit 31643d84b8c3d9c846aa0e20bc033e46c68c7e7d upstream.

With the introduction of binder_available_for_proc_work_ilocked() in
commit 1b77e9dcc3da ("ANDROID: binder: remove proc waitqueue") a binder
thread can only "wait_for_proc_work" after its thread->looper has been
marked as BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_{ENTERED|REGISTERED}.

This means an unregistered reader risks waiting indefinitely for work
since it never gets added to the proc->waiting_threads. If there are no
further references to its waitqueue either the task will hang. The same
applies to readers using the (e)poll interface.

I couldn't find the rationale behind this restriction. So this patch
restores the previous behavior of allowing unregistered threads to
"wait_for_proc_work". Note that an error message for this scenario,
which had previously become unreachable, is now re-enabled.

Fixes: 1b77e9dcc3da ("ANDROID: binder: remove proc waitqueue")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Martijn Coenen 
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg 
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240711201452.2017543-1-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: fix max_thread type inconsistency

2024-06-16T11:32:30+00:00

commit 42316941335644a98335f209daafa4c122f28983 upstream.

The type defined for the BINDER_SET_MAX_THREADS ioctl was changed from
size_t to __u32 in order to avoid incompatibility issues between 32 and
64-bit kernels. However, the internal types used to copy from user and
store the value were never updated. Use u32 to fix the inconsistency.

Fixes: a9350fc859ae ("staging: android: binder: fix BINDER_SET_MAX_THREADS declaration")
Reported-by: Arve Hjønnevåg 
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240421173750.3117808-1-cmllamas@google.com
[cmllamas: resolve minor conflicts due to missing commit 421518a2740f]
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: check offset alignment in binder_get_object()

2024-05-02T14:23:38+00:00

commit aaef73821a3b0194a01bd23ca77774f704a04d40 upstream.

Commit 6d98eb95b450 ("binder: avoid potential data leakage when copying
txn") introduced changes to how binder objects are copied. In doing so,
it unintentionally removed an offset alignment check done through calls
to binder_alloc_copy_from_buffer() -> check_buffer().

These calls were replaced in binder_get_object() with copy_from_user(),
so now an explicit offset alignment check is needed here. This avoids
later complications when unwinding the objects gets harder.

It is worth noting this check existed prior to commit 7a67a39320df
("binder: add function to copy binder object from buffer"), likely
removed due to redundancy at the time.

Fixes: 6d98eb95b450 ("binder: avoid potential data leakage when copying txn")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Acked-by: Todd Kjos 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240330190115.1877819-1-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: signal epoll threads of self-work

2024-02-23T07:42:26+00:00

commit 97830f3c3088638ff90b20dfba2eb4d487bf14d7 upstream.

In (e)poll mode, threads often depend on I/O events to determine when
data is ready for consumption. Within binder, a thread may initiate a
command via BINDER_WRITE_READ without a read buffer and then make use
of epoll_wait() or similar to consume any responses afterwards.

It is then crucial that epoll threads are signaled via wakeup when they
queue their own work. Otherwise, they risk waiting indefinitely for an
event leaving their work unhandled. What is worse, subsequent commands
won't trigger a wakeup either as the thread has pending work.

Fixes: 457b9a6f09f0 ("Staging: android: add binder driver")
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg 
Cc: Martijn Coenen 
Cc: Alice Ryhl 
Cc: Steven Moreland 
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.19+
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240131215347.1808751-1-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman 
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: fix race between mmput() and do_exit()

2024-01-25T22:37:51+00:00

commit 9a9ab0d963621d9d12199df9817e66982582d5a5 upstream.

Task A calls binder_update_page_range() to allocate and insert pages on
a remote address space from Task B. For this, Task A pins the remote mm
via mmget_not_zero() first. This can race with Task B do_exit() and the
final mmput() refcount decrement will come from Task A.

  Task A            | Task B
  ------------------+------------------
  mmget_not_zero()  |
                    |  do_exit()
                    |    exit_mm()
                    |      mmput()
  mmput()           |
    exit_mmap()     |
      remove_vma()  |
        fput()      |

In this case, the work of ____fput() from Task B is queued up in Task A
as TWA_RESUME. So in theory, Task A returns to userspace and the cleanup
work gets executed. However, Task A instead sleep, waiting for a reply
from Task B that never comes (it's dead).

This means the binder_deferred_release() is blocked until an unrelated
binder event forces Task A to go back to userspace. All the associated
death notifications will also be delayed until then.

In order to fix this use mmput_async() that will schedule the work in
the corresponding mm->async_put_work WQ instead of Task A.

Fixes: 457b9a6f09f0 ("Staging: android: add binder driver")
Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl 
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231201172212.1813387-4-cmllamas@google.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

binder: fix use-after-free in shinker's callback

2024-01-25T22:37:50+00:00

commit 3f489c2067c5824528212b0fc18b28d51332d906 upstream.

The mmap read lock is used during the shrinker's callback, which means
that using alloc->vma pointer isn't safe as it can race with munmap().
As of commit dd2283f2605e ("mm: mmap: zap pages with read mmap_sem in
munmap") the mmap lock is downgraded after the vma has been isolated.

I was able to reproduce this issue by manually adding some delays and
triggering page reclaiming through the shrinker's debug sysfs. The
following KASAN report confirms the UAF:

  ==================================================================
  BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in zap_page_range_single+0x470/0x4b8
  Read of size 8 at addr ffff356ed50e50f0 by task bash/478

  CPU: 1 PID: 478 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.6.0-rc5-00055-g1c8b86a3799f-dirty #70
  Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
  Call trace:
   zap_page_range_single+0x470/0x4b8
   binder_alloc_free_page+0x608/0xadc
   __list_lru_walk_one+0x130/0x3b0
   list_lru_walk_node+0xc4/0x22c
   binder_shrink_scan+0x108/0x1dc
   shrinker_debugfs_scan_write+0x2b4/0x500
   full_proxy_write+0xd4/0x140
   vfs_write+0x1ac/0x758
   ksys_write+0xf0/0x1dc
   __arm64_sys_write+0x6c/0x9c

  Allocated by task 492:
   kmem_cache_alloc+0x130/0x368
   vm_area_alloc+0x2c/0x190
   mmap_region+0x258/0x18bc
   do_mmap+0x694/0xa60
   vm_mmap_pgoff+0x170/0x29c
   ksys_mmap_pgoff+0x290/0x3a0
   __arm64_sys_mmap+0xcc/0x144

  Freed by task 491:
   kmem_cache_free+0x17c/0x3c8
   vm_area_free_rcu_cb+0x74/0x98
   rcu_core+0xa38/0x26d4
   rcu_core_si+0x10/0x1c
   __do_softirq+0x2fc/0xd24

  Last potentially related work creation:
   __call_rcu_common.constprop.0+0x6c/0xba0
   call_rcu+0x10/0x1c
   vm_area_free+0x18/0x24
   remove_vma+0xe4/0x118
   do_vmi_align_munmap.isra.0+0x718/0xb5c
   do_vmi_munmap+0xdc/0x1fc
   __vm_munmap+0x10c/0x278
   __arm64_sys_munmap+0x58/0x7c

Fix this issue by performing instead a vma_lookup() which will fail to
find the vma that was isolated before the mmap lock downgrade. Note that
this option has better performance than upgrading to a mmap write lock
which would increase contention. Plus, mmap_write_trylock() has been
recently removed anyway.

Fixes: dd2283f2605e ("mm: mmap: zap pages with read mmap_sem in munmap")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Liam Howlett 
Cc: Minchan Kim 
Reviewed-by: Alice Ryhl 
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231201172212.1813387-3-cmllamas@google.com
[cmllamas: use find_vma() instead of vma_lookup() as commit ce6d42f2e4a2
 is missing in v5.10. This only works because we check the vma against
 our cached alloc->vma pointer.]
Signed-off-by: Carlos Llamas 
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman