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<H1 class="no-header">tic 1m 2024-04-27 ncurses 6.5 User commands</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG> User commands <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>tic</STRONG> - compile terminal descriptions for <EM>terminfo</EM> or <EM>termcap</EM>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>tic</STRONG> [<STRONG>-01acCDfgGIKLNqrstTUVWx</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>terminal-type-list</EM>] [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> <EM>dir</EM>] [<STRONG>-Q</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]]
[<STRONG>-R</STRONG> <EM>subset</EM>] [<STRONG>-v</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-w</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] <EM>file</EM>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command translates a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> file from source format into
compiled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the
library routines in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
As described in <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, the database may be either a directory tree
(one file per terminal entry) or a hashed database (one record per
entry). The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command writes only one type of entry, depending on
how it was built:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g.,
/usr/share/terminfo, specifies the location of the database.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is
not found by that name, but can be found by adding the suffix
".db", then that is used.
The default name for the hashed database is the same as the default
directory name (only adding a ".db" suffix).
In either case (directory or hashed database), <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will create the
container if it does not exist. For a directory, this would be the
"terminfo" leaf, versus a "terminfo.db" file.
The results are normally placed in the system terminfo database
<STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG>. The compiled terminal description can be placed
in a different terminfo database. There are two ways to achieve this:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> First, you may override the system default either by using the <STRONG>-o</STRONG>
option, or by setting the variable <EM>TERMINFO</EM> in your shell
environment to a valid database location.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Secondly, if <STRONG>tic</STRONG> cannot write in <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM> or the
location specified using your <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable, it looks for the
directory <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> (or hashed database <EM>$HOME/.terminfo.db)</EM>;
if that location exists, the entry is placed there.
Libraries that read terminfo entries are expected to check in
succession
<STRONG>o</STRONG> a location specified with the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> directories listed in the <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> environment variable,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> a compiled-in list of directories (/usr/share/terminfo), and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the system terminfo database (<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>).
The <EM>Fetching</EM> <EM>Compiled</EM> <EM>Descriptions</EM> section in the <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> manual
goes into further detail.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Aliases">Aliases</a></H3><PRE>
This is the same program as infotocap and captoinfo; usually those are
linked to, or copied from this program:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as infotocap, tic sets the <STRONG>-I</STRONG> option.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as captoinfo, tic sets the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>-0</STRONG> restricts the output to a single line
<STRONG>-1</STRONG> restricts the output to a single column
<STRONG>-a</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to retain commented-out capabilities rather than
discarding them. Capabilities are commented by prefixing them
with a period. This sets the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option, because it treats the
commented-out entries as user-defined names. If the source is
termcap, accept the 2-character names required by version 6.
Otherwise these are ignored.
<STRONG>-C</STRONG> Force source translation to termcap format. Note: this differs
from the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option of <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG> in that it does not merely
translate capability names, but also translates terminfo strings
to termcap format. Capabilities that are not translatable are
left in the entry under their terminfo names but commented out
with two preceding dots. The actual format used incorporates
some improvements for escaped characters from terminfo format.
For a stricter BSD-compatible translation, add the <STRONG>-K</STRONG> option.
If this is combined with <STRONG>-c</STRONG>, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> makes additional checks to
report cases where the terminfo values do not have an exact
equivalent in termcap form. For example:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> usually will not convert, because termcap lacks the
ability to work with more than two parameters, and because
termcap lacks many of the arithmetic/logical operators used
in terminfo.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> capabilities with more than one delay or with delays before
the end of the string will not convert completely.
<STRONG>-c</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to only check <EM>file</EM> for errors, including syntax
problems and bad use-links. If you specify <STRONG>-C</STRONG> (<STRONG>-I</STRONG>) with this
option, the code will print warnings about entries which, after
use resolution, are more than 1023 (4096) bytes long. Due to a
fixed buffer length in older termcap libraries, as well as buggy
checking for the buffer length (and a documented limit in
terminfo), these entries may cause core dumps with other
implementations.
<STRONG>tic</STRONG> checks string capabilities to ensure that those with
parameters will be valid expressions. It does this check only
for the predefined string capabilities; those which are defined
with the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option are ignored.
<STRONG>-D</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to print the database locations that it knows about,
and exit. The first location shown is the one to which it would
write compiled terminal descriptions. If <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is not able to
find a writable database location according to the rules
summarized above, it will print a diagnostic and exit with an
error rather than printing a list of database locations.
<STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>list</EM>
Limit writes and translations to the comma-separated <EM>list</EM> of
terminal types. If any name or alias of a terminal matches one
of the names in the list, the entry will be written or
translated as normal. Otherwise no output will be generated for
it. The option value is interpreted as a file containing the
list if it contains a '/'. (Note: depending on how tic was
compiled, this option may require <STRONG>-I</STRONG> or <STRONG>-C</STRONG>.)
<STRONG>-f</STRONG> Display complex terminfo strings which contain
if/then/else/endif expressions indented for readability.
<STRONG>-G</STRONG> Display constant literals in decimal form rather than their
character equivalents.
<STRONG>-g</STRONG> Display constant character literals in quoted form rather than
their decimal equivalents.
<STRONG>-I</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format.
<STRONG>-K</STRONG> Suppress some longstanding <EM>ncurses</EM> extensions to termcap format,
e.g., "\s" for space.
<STRONG>-L</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format using the long C
variable names listed in <<STRONG>term.h</STRONG>>
<STRONG>-N</STRONG> Disable smart defaults. Normally, when translating from termcap
to terminfo, the compiler makes a number of assumptions about
the defaults of string capabilities <STRONG>reset1_string</STRONG>,
<STRONG>carriage_return</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_down</STRONG>, <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG>, <STRONG>tab</STRONG>,
<STRONG>newline</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_backspace</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_left</STRONG>, and <STRONG>key_down</STRONG>, then attempts to
use obsolete termcap capabilities to deduce correct values. It
also normally suppresses output of obsolete termcap capabilities
such as <STRONG>bs</STRONG>. This option forces a more literal translation that
also preserves the obsolete capabilities.
<STRONG>-o</STRONG><EM>dir</EM> Write compiled entries to given database location. Overrides
the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable.
<STRONG>-Q</STRONG><EM>n</EM> Rather than show source in terminfo (text) format, print the
compiled (binary) format in hexadecimal or base64 form,
depending on the option's value:
1 hexadecimal
2 base64
3 hexadecimal and base64
<STRONG>-q</STRONG> Suppress comments and blank lines when showing translated
source.
<STRONG>-R</STRONG><EM>subset</EM>
Restrict output to a given subset. This option is for use with
archaic versions of terminfo like those on SVr1, Ultrix, or HP-
UX that do not support the full set of SVR4/XSI Curses terminfo;
and outright broken ports like AIX 3.x that have their own
extensions incompatible with SVr4/XSI.
Available subsets are
"SVr1", "Ultrix", "HP", "BSD", and "AIX"
See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for details.
<STRONG>-r</STRONG> Force entry resolution (so there are no remaining tc
capabilities) even when doing translation to termcap format.
This may be needed if you are preparing a termcap file for a
termcap library (such as GNU termcap through version 1.3 or BSD
termcap through 4.3BSD) that does not handle multiple tc
capabilities per entry.
<STRONG>-s</STRONG> Summarize the compile by showing the database location into
which entries are written, and the number of entries which are
compiled.
<STRONG>-T</STRONG> eliminates size-restrictions on the generated text. This is
mainly useful for testing and analysis, since the compiled
descriptions are limited (e.g., 1023 for termcap, 4096 for
terminfo).
<STRONG>-t</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to discard commented-out capabilities. Normally when
translating from terminfo to termcap, untranslatable
capabilities are commented-out.
<STRONG>-U</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to not post-process the data after parsing the source
file. Normally, it infers data which is commonly missing in
older terminfo data, or in termcaps.
<STRONG>-V</STRONG> reports the version of <EM>ncurses</EM> which was used in this program,
and exits.
<STRONG>-v</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error
trace information showing <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s progress.
The optional parameter <EM>n</EM> is a number from 1 to 9, inclusive,
indicating the desired level of detail of information.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is built without tracing support, the optional
parameter is ignored.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is omitted, the default level is 1.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is specified and greater than 1, the level of detail is
increased, and the output is written (with tracing
information) to the "trace" file.
The debug flag levels are as follows:
1 Names of files created and linked
2 Information related to the "use" facility
3 Statistics from the hashing algorithm
4 Details of extended capabilities
5 (unused)
6 (unused)
7 Entries into the string-table
8 List of tokens encountered by scanner
9 All values computed in construction of the hash table
<STRONG>-W</STRONG> By itself, the <STRONG>-w</STRONG> option will not force long strings to be
wrapped. Use the <STRONG>-W</STRONG> option to do this.
If you specify both <STRONG>-f</STRONG> and <STRONG>-W</STRONG> options, the latter is ignored
when <STRONG>-f</STRONG> has already split the line.
<STRONG>-w</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies the width of the output. The parameter is optional.
If it is omitted, it defaults to 60.
<STRONG>-x</STRONG> Treat unknown capabilities as user-defined (see <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
That is, if you supply a capability name which <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not
recognize, it will infer its type (Boolean, number or string)
from the syntax and make an extended table entry for that.
User-defined capability strings whose name begins with "k" are
treated as function keys.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Parameters">Parameters</a></H3><PRE>
<EM>file</EM> contains one or more <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> terminal descriptions in source
format [see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>]. Each description in the file
describes the capabilities of a particular terminal.
If <EM>file</EM> is "-", then the data is read from the standard input.
The <EM>file</EM> parameter may also be the path of a character-device.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Processing">Processing</a></H3><PRE>
All but one of the capabilities recognized by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are documented in
<STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>. The exception is the <STRONG>use</STRONG> capability.
When a <STRONG>use</STRONG>=<EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> field is discovered in a terminal entry currently
being compiled, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> reads in the binary from <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG> to
complete the entry. (Entries created from <EM>file</EM> will be used first.
<STRONG>tic</STRONG> duplicates the capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> for the current entry,
with the exception of those capabilities that explicitly are defined in
the current entry.
When an entry, e.g., <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>, contains a <STRONG>use=</STRONG><EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> field,
any canceled capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> must also appear in
<STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG> before <STRONG>use=</STRONG> for these capabilities to be canceled in
<STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>.
Total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes in the legacy storage
format, or 32768 using the extended number format. The name field
cannot exceed 512 bytes. Terminal names exceeding the maximum alias
length (32 characters on systems with long filenames, 14 characters
otherwise) will be truncated to the maximum alias length and a warning
message will be printed.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
compiled terminal description database
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
There is some evidence that historic <STRONG>tic</STRONG> implementations treated
description fields with no whitespace in them as additional aliases or
short names. This <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not do that, but it does warn when
description fields may be treated that way and check them for dangerous
characters.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
Unlike the SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command, this implementation can actually compile
termcap sources. In fact, entries in terminfo and termcap syntax can
be mixed in a single source file. See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for the list of
termcap names taken to be equivalent to terminfo names.
The SVr4 manual pages are not clear on the resolution rules for <STRONG>use</STRONG>
capabilities. This implementation of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will find <STRONG>use</STRONG> targets
anywhere in the source file, or anywhere in the file tree rooted at
<EM>TERMINFO</EM> (if <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is defined), or in the user's <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>
database (if it exists), or (finally) anywhere in the system's file
tree of compiled entries.
The error messages from this <STRONG>tic</STRONG> have the same format as GNU C error
messages, and can be parsed by GNU Emacs's compile facility.
Aside from <STRONG>-c</STRONG> and <STRONG>-v</STRONG>, options are not portable:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Most of tic's options are not supported by SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG>:
<STRONG>-0</STRONG> <STRONG>-1</STRONG> <STRONG>-C</STRONG> <STRONG>-G</STRONG> <STRONG>-I</STRONG> <STRONG>-N</STRONG> <STRONG>-R</STRONG> <STRONG>-T</STRONG> <STRONG>-V</STRONG> <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <STRONG>-f</STRONG> <STRONG>-g</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-r</STRONG> <STRONG>-s</STRONG> <STRONG>-t</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> supports a few of the <EM>ncurses</EM> options
<STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
and adds <STRONG>-S</STRONG> (a feature which does the same thing as infocmp's <STRONG>-e</STRONG>
and <STRONG>-E</STRONG> options).
The SVr4 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> mode does not report bad "use=" links.
System V does not compile entries to or read entries from your
<EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> database unless <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is explicitly set to it.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) provides a brief description of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. It
lists one option: <STRONG>-c</STRONG>. The omission of <STRONG>-v</STRONG> is unexpected. The change
history states that the description is derived from Tru64. According
to its manual pages, that system also supported the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
Shortly after Issue 7 was released, Tru64 was discontinued. As of
2019, the surviving implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are SVr4 (AIX, HP-UX and
Solaris), <EM>ncurses</EM> and NetBSD curses. The SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> programs all support
the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option. The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program follows X/Open's documentation,
omitting the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
The X/Open rationale states that some implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> read
terminal descriptions from the standard input if the <EM>file</EM> parameter is
omitted. None of these implementations do that. Further, it comments
that some may choose to read from "./terminfo.src" but that is
obsolescent behavior from SVr2, and is not (for example) a documented
feature of SVr3.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
System V Release 2 provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility. It accepted a single
option: <STRONG>-v</STRONG> (optionally followed by a number). According to Ross
Ridge's comment in <EM>mytinfo</EM>, this version of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> was unable to represent
cancelled capabilities.
System V Release 3 provided a different <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility, written by Pavel
Curtis, (originally named "compile" in <EM>pcurses</EM>). This added an option
<STRONG>-c</STRONG> to check the file for errors, with the caveat that errors in "use="
links would not be reported. System V Release 3 documented a few
warning messages which did not appear in <EM>pcurses</EM>. While the program
itself was changed little as development continued with System V
Release 4, the table of capabilities grew from 180 (<EM>pcurses</EM>) to 464
(Solaris).
In early development of <EM>ncurses</EM> (1993), Zeyd Ben-Halim used the table
from <EM>mytinfo</EM> to extend the <EM>pcurses</EM> table to 469 capabilities (456
matched SVr4, 8 were only in SVr4, 13 were not in SVr4). Of those 13,
11 were ultimately discarded (perhaps to match the draft of X/Open
Curses). The exceptions were <STRONG>memory_lock_above</STRONG> and <STRONG>memory_unlock</STRONG> (see
<STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
Eric Raymond incorporated parts of <EM>mytinfo</EM> into <EM>ncurses</EM> to implement
the termcap-to-terminfo source conversion, and extended that to begin
development of the corresponding terminfo-to-termcap source conversion,
Thomas Dickey completed that development over the course of several
years.
In 1999, Thomas Dickey added the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option to support user-defined
capabilities.
In 2010, Roy Marples provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program and terminfo library for
NetBSD. That implementation adapts several features from <EM>ncurses</EM>,
including <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option.
The <STRONG>-c</STRONG> option tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to check for problems in the terminfo source
file. Continued development provides additional checks:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>pcurses</EM> had 8 warnings
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>ncurses</EM> in 1996 had 16 warnings
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Solaris (SVr4) curses has 28 warnings
<STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD tic in 2019 has 19 warnings.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>ncurses</EM> in 2019 has 96 warnings
The checking done in <EM>ncurses</EM>' <STRONG>tic</STRONG> helps with the conversion to termcap,
as well as pointing out errors and inconsistencies. It is also used to
ensure consistency with the user-defined capabilities. There are 527
distinct capabilities in <EM>ncurses</EM>' terminal database; 128 of those are
user-defined.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and
Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infotocap.1m.html">infotocap(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="toe.1m.html">toe(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
ncurses 6.5 2024-04-27 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
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