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<H1 class="no-header">curs_initscr 3x 2025-08-23 ncurses 6.6 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG>, <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>isendwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG>, <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> - initialize,
manipulate, or tear down <EM>curses</EM> terminal interface
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <STRONG>initscr(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>isendwin(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <STRONG>newterm(const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <EM>type</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <EM>outf</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <EM>inf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <STRONG>set_term(SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <EM>new</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>delscreen(SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> <EM>sp</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-initscr">initscr</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> determines the terminal type and initializes the library's
<EM>SCREEN</EM>, <EM>WINDOW</EM>, and other data structures. It is normally the first
<EM>curses</EM> function call a program performs. However, an application with
unusual needs might employ a few other <EM>curses</EM> functions beforehand:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_init(3x)</A></STRONG> to set up soft-label keys;
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">filter(3x)</A></STRONG> if the program is designed to operate in a process
pipeline;
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">ripoffline(3x)</A></STRONG> to reserve up to five lines at the top and/or bottom
of the screen from management by <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, the standard <EM>curses</EM>
window; and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">use_env(3x)</A></STRONG> and/or <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">use_tioctl(3x)</A></STRONG> to configure use of the process
environment and operating system's terminal driver, respectively,
when determining the dimensions of the terminal display.
Further, a <EM>curses</EM> program might call <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> prior to or instead of
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> in two specialized cases described in its subsection below.
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> causes the first <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> call to clear the screen. If
errors occur, <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> writes an appropriate diagnostic message to the
standard error stream and exits; otherwise, it returns a pointer to
<STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-newterm">newterm</a></H3><PRE>
An application that manages multiple terminals should call <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> once
for each such device <EM>instead</EM> of <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>'s arguments are
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the <EM>type</EM> of the associated terminal, or a null pointer to use the
<EM>TERM</EM> environment variable;
<STRONG>o</STRONG> an output stream <EM>outf</EM> connected to the terminal; and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> an input stream <EM>inf</EM> connected to the terminal.
<STRONG>newterm</STRONG> returns a variable of pointer-to-<EM>SCREEN</EM> type, which should be
saved for later use with <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> and <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG>.
<STRONG>newterm</STRONG> passes the file descriptor of the output stream to the <EM>terminfo</EM>
function <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG>, which returns a pointer to a <EM>TERMINAL</EM> structure
that <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> stores in the <EM>SCREEN</EM> it returns to the application.
An application that needs to inspect a terminal type's capabilities, so
that it can continue to run in a line-oriented mode if the terminal
type does not support capabilities the application demands, would also
use <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. If at most one terminal connection is needed, the
programmer could perform such a capability test, decide the mode in
which to operate, then call <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> on the pointer returned by
<STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, and proceed with either <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or a non-<EM>curses</EM> interface.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-endwin">endwin</a></H3><PRE>
The program must also call <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> for each terminal being used before
exiting from <EM>curses</EM>. If <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> is called more than once for the same
terminal, the first terminal referred to must be the last one for which
<STRONG>endwin</STRONG> is called.
A program should always call <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> before exiting the application or
temporarily suspending <EM>curses</EM>'s management of the terminal. <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> (if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">start_color(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called) resets the terminal's
foreground and background colors to correspond with those of color
pair 0 (the default pair),
<STRONG>o</STRONG> moves the cursor to the lower left-hand corner of the screen,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> (if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">start_color(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called) restores the default color
pair,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> clears the line,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> sets the cursor to normal visibility (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_set(3x)</A></STRONG>),
<STRONG>o</STRONG> if applicable, stops cursor-addressing mode using the <STRONG>exit_ca_mode</STRONG>
(<STRONG>rmcup</STRONG>) terminal capability, and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> restores terminal modes (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">reset_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>).
Calling <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> or <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">doupdate(3x)</A></STRONG> after a temporary suspension causes
<EM>curses</EM> to resume managing the terminal.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-isendwin">isendwin</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>isendwin</STRONG> returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">wrefresh(3x)</A></STRONG> has not been called since the
most recent <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> call, and <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> otherwise.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-set_term">set_term</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>set_term</STRONG> re-orients the <EM>curses</EM> library's operations to another terminal
when the application has arranged to manage more than one with <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>.
<STRONG>set_term</STRONG> expects a <EM>SCREEN</EM> pointer previously returned by <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> as an
argument, and returns the previous one. <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> is the only standard
<EM>curses</EM> API function that manipulates <EM>SCREEN</EM> pointers; all others affect
only the current terminal (but see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-delscreen">delscreen</a></H3><PRE>
<STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> frees the storage backing the supplied <EM>SCREEN</EM> pointer
argument. <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> does not, so that an application can resume managing
a terminal with <EM>curses</EM> after a (possibly conditional or temporary)
suspension; see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>. Use <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> when the
application has no more need of a terminal device but will not soon
exit.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> returns no value. <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success and <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on
failure. <STRONG>isendwin</STRONG> returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> as described above.
In <EM>ncurses</EM>,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> if
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the terminal was not initialized,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> it is called more than once without updating the screen, or
<STRONG>o</STRONG> its call of <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">reset_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG> returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>; and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> returns <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> if it cannot allocate storage for the <EM>SCREEN</EM>
structure or the <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures automatically associated with
it: <STRONG>curscr</STRONG>, <STRONG>newscr</STRONG>, and <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
Functions that return pointers return null pointers on error. In
<EM>ncurses</EM>, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> does not fail, and <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> exits the application if
it does not operate successfully.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
<EM>ncurses</EM> establishes signal handlers when a function that initializes a
<EM>SCREEN</EM>, either <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, is first called. Applications that
wish to handle the following signals themselves should set up their
corresponding handlers <EM>after</EM> initializing the screen.
<EM>SIGINT</EM> <EM>ncurses</EM>'s handler <EM>attempts</EM> to clean up the screen on exit.
Although it <EM>usually</EM> works as expected, there are limitations.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Walking the <EM>SCREEN</EM> list is unsafe, since all list management
is done without any signal blocking.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> When an application has been built with the <STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>REENTRANT</EM> macro
defined (and corresponding system support), <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> uses
functions that could deadlock or misbehave in other ways.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> calls other functions, many of which use <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG> or
other library functions that are clearly unsafe.
<EM>SIGTERM</EM>
<EM>ncurses</EM> uses the same handler as for <EM>SIGINT</EM>, with the same
limitations. It is not mentioned in X/Open Curses, but is more
suitable for this purpose than <EM>SIGQUIT</EM> (which is used in
debugging).
<EM>SIGTSTP</EM>
<EM>ncurses</EM>'s handler manages the terminal-generated stop signal,
used in job control. When resuming the process, <EM>ncurses</EM>
discards pending input with <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">flushinp(3x)</A></STRONG> and repaints the
screen, assuming that it has been completely altered. It also
updates the saved terminal modes with <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<EM>SIGWINCH</EM>
<EM>ncurses</EM> handles changes to the terminal's window size, a
phenomenon ignored in standardization efforts. It sets a
(signal-safe) variable that is later tested by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">wgetch(3x)</A></STRONG> and
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">wget_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> returns the key code <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>wget_wch</STRONG> returns <STRONG>KEY_CODE_YES</STRONG> and sets its <EM>wch</EM> parameter to
<STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>.
At the same time, <EM>ncurses</EM> calls <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG> to adjust the
standard screen <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> and update global variables such as <STRONG>LINES</STRONG>
and <STRONG>COLS</STRONG>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
X/Open Curses Issue 4 describes these functions. It specifies no error
conditions for them.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Differences">Differences</a></H3><PRE>
X/Open Curses specifies that portable applications must not call
<EM>initscr</EM> more than once.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The portable way to use <EM>initscr</EM> is once only, using <EM>refresh</EM> to
restore the screen after <EM>endwin</EM>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>ncurses</EM> permits use of <EM>initscr</EM> after <EM>endwin</EM>.
<EM>initscr</EM> in BSD, from its inception (1980) through the Net/2 release
(1991) returned <EM>ERR</EM> cast to a <EM>WINDOW</EM> pointer when detecting an error.
4.4BSD (1995) instead returned a null pointer. Neither exited the
application. It is safe but redundant to check the return value of
<EM>initscr</EM> in X/Open Curses.
Calling <EM>endwin</EM> does not dispose of the memory allocated by <EM>initscr</EM> or
<EM>newterm</EM>. Deleting a <EM>SCREEN</EM> provides a way to do this.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses does not say what happens to <EM>WINDOW</EM>s when <EM>delscreen</EM>
"frees storage associated with the <EM>SCREEN</EM>" nor does the SVr4
documentation help, adding that it should be called after <EM>endwin</EM> if
a <EM>SCREEN</EM> is no longer needed.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> However, every <EM>WINDOW</EM> is implicitly associated with a <EM>SCREEN</EM>, so it
is reasonable to expect <EM>delscreen</EM> to dispose of them.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr4 deletes the standard <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures <EM>stdscr</EM> and <EM>curscr</EM> as
well as a work area <EM>newscr</EM>. It ignores other windows.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Since version 4.0 (1996), <EM>ncurses</EM> has maintained a list of all
windows for each screen, using that information to delete those
windows when <EM>delscreen</EM> is called.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD copied this feature of <EM>ncurses</EM> in 2001. <EM>PDCurses</EM> follows
the SVr4 model, deleting only the standard <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures and
<EM>newscr</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-High-level-versus-Low-level-Functions">High-level versus Low-level Functions</a></H3><PRE>
Implementations disagree regarding the level of abstraction applicable
to a function or property. For example, <EM>SCREEN</EM> (returned by <EM>newterm</EM>)
and <EM>TERMINAL</EM> (returned by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG>) hold file descriptors for the
output stream. If an application switches screens using <EM>set</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>term</EM>, or
switches terminals using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">set_curterm(3x)</A></STRONG>, applications using the output
file descriptor can behave differently depending on the structure
holding the corresponding descriptor.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD's <EM>baudrate</EM> function uses the descriptor in <EM>TERMINAL</EM>.
<EM>ncurses</EM> and SVr4 use the descriptor in <EM>SCREEN</EM>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD and <EM>ncurses</EM> use the descriptor in <EM>TERMINAL</EM> for terminal I/O
modes, e.g., <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_prog_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>. SVr4 uses the
descriptor in <EM>SCREEN</EM>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Unset-TERM-Environment-Variable">Unset TERM Environment Variable</a></H3><PRE>
If the <EM>TERM</EM> variable is not set in the environment or has an empty
value, <EM>initscr</EM> uses the value "unknown", which normally corresponds to
a terminal entry with the <STRONG>generic</STRONG> (<STRONG>gn</STRONG>) capability. Generic entries are
detected by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG> and cannot be used for full-screen operation.
Other implementations may handle a missing or empty <EM>TERM</EM> variable
differently.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Signal-Handlers">Signal Handlers</a></H3><PRE>
Quoting X/Open Curses Issue 7, section 3.1.1:
Curses implementations may provide for special handling of the
SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTSTP signals if their disposition is
SIG_DFL at the time <EM>initscr</EM>() is called...
Any special handling for these signals may remain in effect for
the life of the process or until the process changes the
disposition of the signal.
None of the Curses functions are required to be safe with respect
to signals...
Section "NOTES" above discusses <EM>ncurses</EM>'s signal handlers.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
4BSD (1980) introduced <EM>initscr</EM> and <EM>endwin</EM>.
SVr2 (1984) added <EM>newterm</EM> and <EM>set</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>term</EM>.
SVr3.1 (1987) supplied <EM>delscreen</EM> and <EM>isendwin</EM>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>,
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>
ncurses 6.6 2025-08-23 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-initscr">initscr</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-newterm">newterm</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-endwin">endwin</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-isendwin">isendwin</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-set_term">set_term</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-delscreen">delscreen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Differences">Differences</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-High-level-versus-Low-level-Functions">High-level versus Low-level Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Unset-TERM-Environment-Variable">Unset TERM Environment Variable</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Signal-Handlers">Signal Handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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